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Psychology > Vision and Taste > Flashcards

Vision and Taste Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Sensation?

A

Sensation refers to the processing of sensing our environment through touch, smell, taste, sight and sound. This information is sent to our brains in raw form while perception comes into play.

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

Perception is the way we interpret these sensations and therefore we make sense of everything around us.

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3
Q

What are the 3 stages of Sensation and perception?

A

Reception, Transduction and transmission

Selection, organization and interpretation.

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4
Q

What is reception ?

A

Reception is the process in which our sense organs receive information from our environment.

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5
Q

What is transduction?

A

Transduction is the process of converting sensory data into a new form which is sent along the neural pathways to the brain.

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6
Q

What is Transmission?

A

Transmission is sending those electrochemical messages to the brain.

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7
Q

What is selection?

A

Selection is the process of attending to certain features of sensory stimuli to the exclusion of others.

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8
Q

What is organization?

A

Organisation makes it into cohesive information (meaningful wholes)

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9
Q

What is interpretation?

A

Interpretation is the process of understanding and assigning meaning to sensory information.

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10
Q

What is Reception in vision?

A

reception-the visual sensory receptor is light, humans can see light on the light spectrum 350-750 nanometers.

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11
Q

What is transduction in Vision?

A

Transduction is the conversion of electromagnetic light energy into electro chemical energy.

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12
Q

What is transmission in vision?

A

Transmission occurs along the optic nerve from the retina to the brain.

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13
Q

what is selection in vision?

A

Selection is choosing visual stimuli that are important.

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14
Q

What is organization in Vision?

A

Organisation- The primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes analyse incoming messages.

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15
Q

What is interpretation in vision?

A

interpretation- The brain recognizes the object/ person as familiar.

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16
Q

What is reception in taste?

A

Taste- Reception- Chemicals are dissolved in the saliva (tastants) in the process of chewing. Taste pores on the surface of the tongue (gustatory receptor) open into the taste bud.

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17
Q

what is transduction in taste?

A

Taste receptors convert chemical molecules into signals that are transmitted to the brain primarily by the facial nerve.

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18
Q

What is transmission in taste?

A

Transmission- the signal is sent to the brain.

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19
Q

What is the retina?

A

The retina- The layer of light sensitive cells at the back of the eye. It is connected to the brain by the optic nerve. It detects images caught by the lens and the cornea (rods and cones).

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20
Q

What is the cornea?

A

It is tough and clear, it covers the iris and pupil. As light passes through it it bends the light which is the first step in making an image.

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21
Q

What is the pupil?

A

a dark hole that lets light into the inner eye.

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22
Q

What is the aqueous humour?

A

A clear fluid that keeps the corneas rounded shape.

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23
Q

What is the Iris?

A

a muscle that controls how much light enters the eye. The iris can be different colours in the human eye.

24
Q

What is the lens?

A

A flexible structure that changes shape to focus on close and distant objects. It is clear and makes an image on the retinas eye.

25
Q

What is the vitreous humour?

A

It is a clear thick jelly that gives the eyeball shape

26
Q

what is the sclera?

A

the white outer that covers the eyeball. It is thick and tough.`

27
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

It is a bundle of nerve fibers. It takes information from the retina to the brain

28
Q

What is the blindspot?

A

the blindspot has no light sensitive cells. Its located where the optic nerve leaves the retina.

29
Q

what is the fovea?

A

The area on the retina that contains the highest concentration of cone cells

30
Q

What are rod cells?

A

They are Responsible for detecting light and transducing it into neurochemical messages. It provided low light, peripheral and black and white vision.

31
Q

what are cone cells?

A

they are responsible for detecting light and transducing it into neurochemical messages. It provides vision in bright light conditions, colour vision and vision for fine details or visual acuity.

32
Q

What is the visible light spectrum?

A

We can see from 350-750 nanometers on the visible light spectrum. The visual light spectrum

33
Q

What is a Gestalt principle?

List them

A

A gestalt principle is when we group together objects to help them make sense to us.Gesalt principles are camouflage, figure ground, closure, similarity, and proximity.

34
Q

What is camouflage?

A

Camouflage is when something blends into the background.

35
Q

What is figure ground?

A

Figure ground involves our tendency to see some figures as being at the front of an image. ie the ‘forground’ , and others falling into the background. It can be like an optical illusion.

36
Q

What is closure?

A

Closure is when we perceive an object as whole despite it being incomplete.

37
Q

What is similarity?

A

Similarity - group together to provide a whole singular unit. eg rows of traingles rather than individual.

38
Q

what is proximity?

A

individual parts are close to each other but we tend to perceive them as whole.

39
Q

What is depth perception?

A

Depth perception is The ability to judge a 3d space and distance using cues in the environment.

40
Q

What are the binocular cues?

A

Binocular depth cues are retinal disparity and convergence.

41
Q

What is retinal disparity and convergence?

A

Retinal disparity is the difference between the different retinal images received by either eye. the closer the object is the greater the disparity.
Convergence is when we view things up close, our eyes turn inwards and our eye muscles strain. The turning inwards is convergence and the strain it produces sends signals to the brain that something is up close.

42
Q

What is a monocular depth cue?

A

A monocular depth cue is accommodation. Accommodation involves our eye muscles bulging and flattening according to how far away an object is. To fit a large close up object in our visual field, our eye muscles need to bulge. When focusing on an object in the distance our eye muscles flatten. Our brain receives this information about the muscles changing and infers the distance of an object.
And the pictorial depth cues

43
Q

what are the pictorial depth cues?

A

Linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient, relative size, height in the visual field are monocular depth cues.

44
Q

What is linear perspective?

What is Interposition?

A

linear perspective- 2 objects seem closer together as the distance from them increases.
Interposition- Overlapping objects making one look further away than the other.

45
Q

What is texture gradient?
What is relative size?
What is Height in the visual field?

A

Texture gradient- We can see more details in the items that appear closer to us.
Relative size- Objects that are closer seem bigger.
Height in the Visual field- The objects that seem bigger are further away from the horizon.

46
Q

What are the visual constancies? Explain them

A

Size constancy- Refers to the fact that we maintain a constant perception of an objects size even if the object moves nearer or farther away.
Shape constancy- Refers to the fact that we can interpret objects when viewed from any angle.

47
Q

What are the 2 visual illusions?

A

The muller illusion - The lines appear different lengths but are actually the same lengths. There is no single explanation of the illusion that is satisfactory.
The ames room illusion - it makes a person look like they are growing larger. The room is a trapezone shape. We maintain shape constancy over size constancy.
It has sloping floors and ceiling. We are only using monocular depth cues.

48
Q

What is Synesthesia?

A

Synesthesia is the distortion/crossing of senses (words are colours,’a’ smells like a banana.)

49
Q

What are the variables? (IV,DV and EV)

A

The iv is the independent variable- The independent variable is what your changing
The dv is the dependent variable- the dv is what your measuring.
the ev is the extraneous variable- The ev is what could change the outcome (eg past experience)

50
Q

What is perceptual set? Factors that influence it for vision and taste

A

Perceptual set is the way we expect something to be influences how we end up perceiving it. Factors that influence it are mood, motivation, context and past experiences.

or a predisposition to perceive stimuli in a certain way
due to a range of factors including a perceiver’s mood, motivations, context, emotion and past experience

51
Q

The tongue-difference between taste and flavour

A

Taste is a chemical reaction, flavour is a combination of smell, what you see and texture

52
Q

Psychological factors which influence perception.

A

Psychological factors that influence perception are perceptual set, social factors and the fallibility of the gustatory perception.

53
Q

What is selection, organisation, interpretation in taste

A

The brain recognises the sensation of a mixture of five primary tastes, combined with the smell of food, the colour and the texture we also perceive the flavour of what we eat.

54
Q

Explain Taste buds.

A
  • Each taste bud contains 50-150 taste receptor cells with a lifespan of 10 days.
  • We have 10,000 taste buds in our mouth and throat.
55
Q

What are the 5 primary tastes?

A

Sweet, bitter, salty, sour and umami.

56
Q

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

A

Sensation occurs unconsciously, whereas perception can occur consciously or unconsciously

57
Q

Key transduction word

A

action potential

Psychology (7 decks)

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