chapter 8 Flashcards
What is ‘group’?
Two or more people who interact with each other, are influenced by each other and who share a common purpose.
What is status?
An individuals position in the group as perceived by the other people in the group.
What is power?
The extend to which an individual can influence or control another individuals thoughts, feelings and behavior.
What are the different types of power?
Reward, coercive, legitimate, expert, referent.
What is Reward Power?
Rewards power is the ability to provide the desired response (eg. the power held by a parent).
What is coercive power?
The ability to use an unpleasant consequence (force). Eg. The power held by police.
What is legitimate power?
Legitimate Power is given by a higher authority. It may be due to role or position. eg power held by a boss.
What is expert Power?
Expert Power is due to skills and depth of knowledge. Eg Power held by a doctor.
What is referent power?
Referent power comes from the desire to relate to the powerful person. eg Power held by a celebrity.
What is obedience?
Adhering to instructions of authority figures or rules of law of society.
What factors affect obedience?
Status of authority figure, proximity, group pressure.
What was the IV of Milgrims experiment?
The iv was the proximity of the experimenter to the teacher.
What was the DV of Milgrims experiment?
The level of obedience (how many shocks).
What was the aim of Milgrims experiment?
To discover whether participants would obey an authority figure and carry out actions that caused severe pain to another person.
What were the ethical issues of Migrims experiment?
No harm principle- psychological harm (teacher)
Withdrawal rights- Told to keep going (shocking)
Deception- Lied to about the aim of the experiment
Debriefing- Debriefing ensures participants leave without any lasting harm.
What were the results of Milgram’s experiment?
65% of participants administered shock up to 450 volt level, the highest shock level.
Milgram concluded that people were likely to perform actions contrary to their beliefs if they were instructed to do so by an authority figure.
What were the roles in Milgrims experiment?
Teacher- Participant, administered shocks.
Learner- Confederate, knew what was happening
Authority figure- White coat, running the experiment.
What was the method of milgrims experiment?
………………………………….
What was the Iv of Zimbardo’s experiment?
whether you were a prisoner or guard
What was the dv of Zimbardo’s experiment?
the behaviour
What was the method of Zimbardo’s experiment?
What were the results of Zimbardo’s experiment?
prisoners went crazy, guards over used their power and over powered the prisoners.
What are the criticism/ ethical issues of Zimbardo’s experiment?
Withdrawal rights, debriefing, no harm principle
Who were the participants in Zimbardo’s experiment?
24 male students from stanford university
What is conformity?
The alignment of one’s thoughts, feelings or behavior to match those of others or social expectations.
what are social norms?
Society’s unofficial rules and expectations regarding how we ought to act that most people follow without thinking.
What was the aim of Asch’s experiment?
The aim of the study was to measure the extent to which individuals would conform to a majority group.
Asch experiment results
74% of participants conformed at least once
24% of participants did not conform at any point
What was the Ash experiment conclusion?
What was the Asch experiment method?
Why do people conform?
Group size, unanimity, normative influence, social loafing, informational influence, culture, deindividuation.
What is pro social behavior?
Behavior that is intentionally and voluntarily performed in order to help another person or society.
building relationships, friendships, trust
rescuing
charity work
sympathy
Why do people help?
Environmental (nurture) - social rewards for helping another; a good reputation, personal satisfaction, friendships and so on.
biological (nature)- importance of helping those in ones family and community as a means of evolutionary group survival.
What factors influence pro social behavior?
- situational factors- (presence of others, physical proximity, risk, timing, sensory environment cues).
- Personal factors- empathy, mood, ability, attributions
- social factors- reciprocity principle, social norms.
What is the bystander effect?
The social psychological phenomenon which suggests that the presence (or imagines presence) of other people in an emergency situation reduces the likely hood that someone will provide help.
Why does the bystander effect occur?
Diffusion of responsibility- someone else will step in and help.
Ambiguity- it is unclear who is responsible
Audience inhibition- people are worried about being embarrassed or humiliated.
What is bullying?
Bullying involves actively, intentionally and repeatedly causing an individual or group to experience psychological distress by physical, verbal, or social means, causing a power imbalance between the bully and victim.
What are the different kinds of bullying?
Overt bullying, covert bullying and Cyber bullying
What is overt bullying?
Overt bullying is visible forms of bullying, such as causing physical harm or name calling.
What is covert bullying?
Indirect forms of bullying, such as excluding people from group events or talking about them behind their backs. Eg invites everyone but one person.
What is cyber bullying?
Bullying that involves intentionally harmful behaviors that occurs repeatedly in online spaces, such as on social media. Eg sending hurtful messages with the intention of harm.
What are the situational factors of bullying?
The number of bystanders present, aggressive peer group, dominant social status.
what are the environmental factors of bullying?
Poor parental supervision, negative home environment, financial security , past trauma, level of emotional support.
What effect does bullying have on mental health?
Victims of bullying can experience severe physical and psychological effects. There immune system can weaken due to prolonged stress which can lead to illness. Being bullied can compromise well being, self esteem and can compromise functioning when it comes to work at school/workplaces.
What is media?
The form in which information is spread throughout society.
What is advertising?
The process of using media to persuade people to purchase commercial products
Define the term IV (independent variable)
The iv is the variable that is manipulated in order to see the effects it has on the dependent people.
Define the term DV (Dependent variable)
The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured in an experiment for changes it experiences due to the effect of something.
Define the term EV
Extraneous variables other are variables other than the independent variable that may produce unwanted results/ influence the results in an experiment.
What are ethical considerations?
The ethical considerations are voluntary participation, informed consent, withdrawal rights, confidentiality, deception and debriefing, no harm principle
Explain the ethical considerations.
Voluntary participation -the right of the participant to willingly choose to participate.
Informed consent the right of the participant to have a thorough understanding of the nature of
the study, before agreeing to participate.
Withdrawal rights the right of the participant to leave the study at any point, without fear of consequence.
Confidentiality the right of the participant for their personal details to remain private.
Deception when the participant is unaware of the true nature of the study
Debriefing a process which occurs at the conclusion of a study and involves the researcher outlining the nature of the study to participants and includes ensuring that participants do not leave the
study with lasting harm.
What are the positive influences of media?
What are the negative influences of media?
cyber bullying, lies,
what are the positive influences of advertisement
increase the reach of their marketing campaigns and increase their sales, systems of advertising are then used to promote a particular social issue, incredibly effective and reach a large number of people
what are the negative influences of advertisement?
unhealthy lifestyle habits, not the most realistic.
what are the positive influences of social media?
fast and accessible communication which provides a sense of connectedness, as well as the spread of social justice activism. ease of communication can make people feel less lonely because they feel more connected to others.
what are the negative influences of social media?
distress when comparing themselves to others they can significantly impact our functioning as they discourage us from wanting to be around other people.
