Vision and Audition

Question 1

Oculomotor system eye movements: slow conjugate movements to follow a target

Answer 1

smooth pursuits

Question 1

Oculomotor system eye movements: rapid small conjugate movements that change point of fixation

Answer 1

saccades

Question 2

Oculomotor system eye movements: eye movements that compensate for head rotation

Answer 2

VOR

Question 3

Oculomotor system eye movements: slow, disconjugate eye movements to change focal distance

Answer 3

vergence

Question 4

Oculomotor system eye movements: small, involuntary movements necessary for vision (fill in blind spot)

Answer 4

miniature eye movements

Question 5

For conjugate movements, must activate _____ lateral rectus and _____ medial rectus

Answer 5

left; right

Question 6

Conjugate movements are simultanous activation of the left ____ and right ______ nuclei, triggered by abducens

Answer 6

abducens; oculomotor

Question 7

What nuclei does the medial longitudinal fasciculus connect

Answer 7

abducens and oculomotor

Question 8

Example of a vergence movement: called _____ reflex

Answer 8

accommodation

Question 9

Is setting a fixation point usually conscious decision in the vergence movement?

Answer 9

yes but changing the lens is not under conscious control

Question 10

What three things must occur to switch from a far-off focal point to a very near focal point

Answer 10

• convergence
• constriction of pupil
• contraction or constriction of ciliary muscles and lens

Question 11

Do accommodations of the eye require cortical feedback?

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

VOR automatically produces slow eye movement in the direct ________ direction to head movement

Answer 12

opposite

Question 13

What does VOR rely on for input

Answer 13

input from the vestibular system, semicircular canals

Question 14

_____ is a combo of slow movements and quick saccades

Answer 14

nystagmus

Question 15

Nystagmus is an _____ reflex movement to keep the image focused in place on the retina

Answer 15

automatic

Question 16

What can we thank for the ability of Nystagmus to have an auto-reflex movement to keep images focused in place on the retina

Answer 16

direction-selective retinal ganglion cells

Question 17

What is optokinetic nystagmus

Answer 17

when an object or scene passes by with a steady speed

Question 18

________ nystagmus is the automatic nystagmus of the eyes in response to the rotation of fluid inside the semicircular canals

Answer 18

vestibular

Question 19

What is the overall purpose of the VOR circuit

Answer 19

to stabilize vision incredibly quickly to keep the image sharp

Question 20

The semicircular canals report on angular velocity but eyes are small and located further away from the center of the head than the canals, how do we make up for this

Answer 20

VOR gain

Question 21

What is the equation for VOR gain?

Answer 21

change in eye angle/ change in head angle during head turn

Question 22

What does the Paramedian pontine reticular formation do

Answer 22

-saccade generator
-provide input to the abducens nucleus
-complex calculations for horizontal gaze correction

Question 23

________ pathway: retina to the superior colliculus, to pulvinar of the thalamus, to V2 cortex

Answer 23

tectopulvinar pathway

Question 24

The superior colliculus gives rise to _________ pathway (one of the ventromedial descending motor tracts)

Answer 24

tectospinal pathway

Question 25

What does the tectopulvinar pathway do

Answer 25

rapidly orients you toward a visual object before you fully perceive it

Question 26

Some retinal ganglion cells project directly to the superficial layers of SC, forming a map of __________ visual space

Answer 26

contralateral

Question 27

superficial layers of SC project to the Pulvinar nucleus of Thalamus and then to V2 area of cortex –> blindsight in absence of

Answer 27

V1

Question 28

Deep layers of SC maintain

Answer 28

auditory map of space

Question 29

The deep layers of SC get inputs from what two places

Answer 29

auditory cortex; inferior colliculus

Question 30

What is the overall purpose of the deep layers of SC

Answer 30

integrate map of auditory and visual space to help coordinate eye movements

Question 31

True depth perception requires binocular vision, which leads to

Answer 31

disparities

Question 32

Barn owl vision is optimized for ____ light vision

Answer 32

low

Question 33

What is the ratio of rods to cones in owls

Answer 33

30:1

Question 34

Barn owls have large ______ vision

Answer 34

binocular

Question 35

Barn owls were fitted with polarized goggles, and trained to make behavioral responses to indicate perceived direction of movement –> food reward

Were owls able to perceive 3D movement

Answer 35

YES

Question 36

Barn owl vision: fairly low visual acuity –> must integrate _______ input as well

Answer 36

auditory

Question 37

Barn owl audition: ________ ear openings meaning that the right ear is directed up and the left ear is directed down

Answer 37

asymmetrical

Question 38

To hunt well, must localize sound in 2D:

Azimuth: position in _______ plane
Elevation: position in _______ plane

Answer 38

horizontal

vertical

Question 39

Barn owls make accurate head movements to track sound:

similar to humans in ______ plane
3x better than humans in _______ plane

Answer 39

horizontal
vertical

Question 40

Owls use ________ to track a sound horizontally

Answer 40

ITD

Question 41

ITD: ______ ______ compares auditory input from left vs right to see which one arrived earlier, triangulates the horizontal origin of sound

Answer 41

superior olive

Question 42

Owl uses ______ to track sound vertically

Answer 42

ILD

Question 43

Earplugs in each ear have a different effect:

left plug = owl looked too ______
right plug = owl looked too _____

Answer 43

high
low