Unit 2 Final Exam Flashcards
The autonomic nervous system is regulated by
hypothalamus
The sympathetic nervous system is divided into two subcategories
autonomic and somatic nervous system
The somatic nervous system is _____ behavior
conscious
The autonomic nervous system dives further into
symp
parasymp
Sympathetic is
fight or flight
What does a sympathetic target
major organs
Where are the cell bodies in the sympathetic located
in the spinal cord or special chain of ganglia right outside
parasympathetic is
rest and digest
Most cell bodies for para are in
nuclei in the brainstem
CN 11 and 12 emerge from ______ surface of the brainstem
ventral
Afferent
going TO the brain
Efferent
exit FROM the brain
What two cranial nerves do not emerge from the brainstem
CN l and ll
CN l
olfactory
CN ll
optic nerve
What is CN l technically
axons entering the olfactory bulb from the sinuses
The optic nerve is a bundle of axons from ______ neurons exiting the eyeball
retinal
decussation of the optic nerve at
optic chiasm
From chiasm to thalamus–called optic
tract
Lateral rectus
outward movement
Medial rectus
inward movement
superior oblique
down and out
inferior oblique
up and out
superior rectus
up
inferior rectus
down
CN lll innervates what 4/6 ocular muscles
superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
inferior oblique
What are the 2 nuclei of CN lll
Oculomotor nucleus
Edinger Westphal nucleus
What does the oculomotor nucleus do
sends motor output to extraocular muscles
What does the Edinger Westphal nucleus do
sends autonomic output to pupillary muscles
Oculomotor axons are found in the
rostral midbrain
CN lV
trochlear
What extraocular muscles does CN lV innervate
Superior oblique
moves eye down and out by passing through a loop called the trochlea
Trochlear nerve emerges
dorsally
Where do axons of the trochlear nerve decussate
as they exit at the caudal end of the midbrain
Where is the trochlear nucleus found
just below the periaqueductal grey
CN Vl
abducens
What extraocular muscle does CN Vl innervate
lateral rectus
Where does CN Vl synapse onto
oculomotor nucleus that controls the medial rectus of the other eye
Axons innervating the lateral rectus originate
in the rostral pons
CN V
Trigeminal
V1
ophthalmic
sensory from upper face, eye, nose
V2
Maxillary
sensory from sinuses, upper teeth, palate, front 2/3 of tongue
V3
Mandibular
Sensory from lower teeth, inside of cheeks, floor of mouth, chin
muscles of mastication
What is the largest Cranial nerve
CN V–Trigeminal
Nerves V1, V2, and V3 join at the
trigeminal ganglion to become the trigeminal nerve
where are CN V sensory cell bodies found?
In the trigeminal ganglion
Trigeminal nerve has 4 nuclei
mesencephalic nucleus
principle sensory nucleus
spinal trigeminal nucleus
motor nucleus
CN V nuclei are located in the midbrain and are responsible for proprioception from teeth and jaw
mesencephalic nucleus
Which CN V nuclei are located in the pons and responsible for touch and proprioception from the face
principle sensory nucleus
CN V nuclei are located in the pons and medulla and are responsible for pain and temperature from the face
spinal trigeminal
Which CN V nuclei is responsible for muscles of mastication
motor nucleus
What are the motor outputs of CN Vll
muscles of facial expression and neck
stapedius muscle of the inner ear, to dampen noise
visceral motor output to mucosa, salivary, and lachrymal glands
What are the sensory inputs to CN Vll
taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
somatosensation of pinnae
What are the 4 nuclei used by CN Vll
Motor nucleus of CN Vll
Superior salvatory nucleus
solitary nucleus
spinal trigeminal
CN Vll motor output wraps around the ________ nucleus
abducens
CN Vlll
Vestibulocochlear nerve
CN Vlll: A set of several ______ nuclei exist in rostral medulla to collect various vestibular inputs before sending them off to cerebellum and cerebral cortex (Via thalamus)
vestibular nuclei
What are two cochlear nuclei
ventral and dorsal cochlear nucleus
Ventral cochlear nucleus
encodes intensity and timing of sound for localization
Dorsal cochlear nucleus
encodes pitch info, analyses quality of sound
CN lX
glossopharyngeal nerve
What is the motor output for CN lX
muscles for swallowing and speech
parasympathetic visceral input to salivary glands not covered by CN Vll
What is the sensory input for CN lX
taste sensation and somatosensation from back 1/3 of tongue
somatosensation from eardrum, pharynx, tonsils, and eustachian tube
What 4 nuclei does CN lX use
Nucleus ambiguous
inferior salivatory nucleus
solitary nucleus
spinal trigeminal
CN Xll
hypoglossal nerve
CN Xll: mostly _____________- controlling the muscles of the tongue
somatic motor output
CN Xll weaves through ______ artery so may see changes in tongue control or muscle tone with vascular issues
carotid
CN Xll nerve exits _____ between pyramids and inferior olives
medulla
What nucleus does CN Xll use
hypoglossal nucleus
CN X
vagus nerve
What is the motor output of CN X
motor output to pharynx, raise epiglottis to seal off larynx
What is the sensory input of CN X
taste from epiglottis, somatatosensation from ear canal
What 4 nuclei does CN X use
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
nucleus ambiguus
solitary nucleus
spinal trigeminal
CN Xl
spinal accessory nucleus
Motor output for CN Xl
shoulder muscles (traps)
muscles to turn head (sternocleidomastoid)
What two nuclei does CN Xl use
nucleus ambiguus
accessory nucleus
Dorsal is S or M
Sensory
Ventral is S or M
Motor
T/F neurons or their axons with similar functions are grouped together
T
Spinal cord: grey matter on ______ while white matter on ______
inside; outside
Ascending sensory input enters the spinal cord via ______ root
dorsal
Descending motor output leaves the spinal cord via _____ root
ventral
Ascending sensory soma is usually found in
dorsal root ganglion
Descending motor soma usually found in
ventral horn
Afferent fiber responsible for proprioceptor of skeletal muscle
A alpha
Afferent fiber responsible for mechanoreceptors of skin
A beta
Afferent fiber responsible for pain and temperature
A gamma
Afferent fiber responsible for temperature, pain, itch
C
What’s the connection between shingles and dermatomes?
Rashes will often show in 1 single dermatome
Ascending pathways are ____ neurons long
3
DCML pathway: all sensory input enters the spinal cord via
dorsal root
DCML pathway: fine touch and proprioception ascend up to the brain in the
dorsal columns
DCML pathway: Where is the first synapse
Dorsal column nuclei in the caudal medulla
DCML pathway: when does decussation occur
directly after synapse 1 in dorsal column nuclei
DCML pathway: where is the second synapse
ascends up the medial lemniscus and synapses in the thalamus
DCML pathway: Nucleus ________ touch and proprioception from the upper body (cervical and thoracic cord)
Cuneatus
DCML pathway: final synapse
S1–primary sensory cortex
DCML pathway: Nucleus _______ touch and proprioception from lower body (lumbar and sacral cord)
Gracilis
Starting at the bottom of the cord, sensory axons from sacral and lumbar zones enter dorsal root, becoming Fasciculus
gracilis
From T6 and up, sensory axons from upper thoracic and cervical zones enter dorsal root and become fasciculus
cuneatus
DCML pathway: which nerve is strongly associated with touch and proprioception of the face
CN V–trigeminal
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: carries what type of information
pain, temperature, “crude touch”
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: information enters spinal cord via
dorsal root
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: synapses around where it enters in ___________ of dorsal horn
substantia gelatinosa
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: when does it decussate
after the first synapse
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: after synapse, it will ascend in the __________ of the spinal cord
lateral funiculus
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: ascends to the
VPL of thalamus
Dorsal and ventral roots join together to become the
spinal nerve
Upper motor neurons: Cell body in
cortex or brainstem
upper motor neurons: synapses onto ______ in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
LMN
Lower motor neurons: cell body in
ventral horn of spinal cord
Lower motor neurons: synapses
directly onto muscles
Descending pathways are ____ neurons long
2
Corticospinal tract: M1 –>
spinal cord
Corticospinal tract: what sort of information
fine movements of extremities (fingers, tongue)
Corticospinal tract: forms the ________ in the medulla
pyramids (pyramidal tract)
Rubrospinal tract: midbrain –>
spinal cord
Rubrospinal tract: what sort of movement
large, gross movement and limb coordination in most mammals
Rubrospinal tract: gets input from cortex and
cerebellum
Rubrospinal tract: is or isn’t used a lot in humans after infancy
is not
_______ __________: axon bundle weaving through forebrain, BG, and thalamus towards the brainstem
internal capsule
Corticospinal tract: forms ____ ____ in the midbrain
cerebral peduncles
Corticospinal tract: forms ____ in the medulla, where it decussates
pyramids
Rubrospinal tract: _______ nucleus gets input from the motor cortex and cerebellum
red
Rubrospinal tract: red nucleus located in midbrain and axons ______ right away
decussate
Rubrospinal tract: travels next to what tract
corticospinal tract
In 4 legged animals and some primates what tract is very active during gross voluntary movements
rubrospinal tract
In 2 legged upright primates (like us) what tract doesn’t do much
rubrospinal tract
T/F many lesions to corticospinal tract in humans show near complete eventual recovery if rubrospinal tract is intact
True
______ tract is like corticospinal tract but for the face
corticobulbar
Corticobulbar tract: instead of synapsing in the ventral horn it will synapse in
cranial nerve nuclei
Vestibulospinal tract: vestibular nuclei to the spinal cord: function?
balance
Tectospinal tract: superior colliculi to the spinal cord: function?
turning head in reaction to visual stimuli in the periphery
Reticulospinal tract: reticular formation to the spinal cord: Function?
posture and automated locomotion
Vestibulospinal tract axons descend
bilaterally
Tectospinal tract: axons descending right along the midline, targeting lower motor neurons for _______ neck and upper body muscles
contralateral
Reticulospinal tracts: pons section and medulla section each give rise to axons that target ______ spinal cord lower motor neurons
ipsilateral (help remain standing)
