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Neurobiology > Unit 2 Final Exam > Flashcards

Unit 2 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The autonomic nervous system is regulated by

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is divided into two subcategories

A

autonomic and somatic nervous system

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3
Q

The somatic nervous system is _____ behavior

A

conscious

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4
Q

The autonomic nervous system dives further into

A

symp
parasymp

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5
Q

Sympathetic is

A

fight or flight

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6
Q

What does a sympathetic target

A

major organs

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7
Q

Where are the cell bodies in the sympathetic located

A

in the spinal cord or special chain of ganglia right outside

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8
Q

parasympathetic is

A

rest and digest

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9
Q

Most cell bodies for para are in

A

nuclei in the brainstem

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10
Q

CN 11 and 12 emerge from ______ surface of the brainstem

A

ventral

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11
Q

Afferent

A

going TO the brain

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12
Q

Efferent

A

exit FROM the brain

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13
Q

What two cranial nerves do not emerge from the brainstem

A

CN l and ll

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14
Q

CN l

A

olfactory

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15
Q

CN ll

A

optic nerve

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16
Q

What is CN l technically

A

axons entering the olfactory bulb from the sinuses

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17
Q

The optic nerve is a bundle of axons from ______ neurons exiting the eyeball

A

retinal

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18
Q

decussation of the optic nerve at

A

optic chiasm

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19
Q

From chiasm to thalamus–called optic

A

tract

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20
Q

Lateral rectus

A

outward movement

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21
Q

Medial rectus

A

inward movement

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22
Q

superior oblique

A

down and out

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23
Q

inferior oblique

A

up and out

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24
Q

superior rectus

A

up

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25
Q

inferior rectus

A

down

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26
Q

CN lll innervates what 4/6 ocular muscles

A

superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
inferior oblique

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27
Q

What are the 2 nuclei of CN lll

A

Oculomotor nucleus
Edinger Westphal nucleus

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28
Q

What does the oculomotor nucleus do

A

sends motor output to extraocular muscles

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29
Q

What does the Edinger Westphal nucleus do

A

sends autonomic output to pupillary muscles

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30
Q

Oculomotor axons are found in the

A

rostral midbrain

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31
Q

CN lV

A

trochlear

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32
Q

What extraocular muscles does CN lV innervate

A

Superior oblique

moves eye down and out by passing through a loop called the trochlea

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33
Q

Trochlear nerve emerges

A

dorsally

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34
Q

Where do axons of the trochlear nerve decussate

A

as they exit at the caudal end of the midbrain

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35
Q

Where is the trochlear nucleus found

A

just below the periaqueductal grey

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36
Q

CN Vl

A

abducens

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37
Q

What extraocular muscle does CN Vl innervate

A

lateral rectus

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38
Q

Where does CN Vl synapse onto

A

oculomotor nucleus that controls the medial rectus of the other eye

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39
Q

Axons innervating the lateral rectus originate

A

in the rostral pons

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40
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal

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41
Q

V1

A

ophthalmic

sensory from upper face, eye, nose

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42
Q

V2

A

Maxillary

sensory from sinuses, upper teeth, palate, front 2/3 of tongue

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43
Q

V3

A

Mandibular

Sensory from lower teeth, inside of cheeks, floor of mouth, chin

muscles of mastication

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44
Q

What is the largest Cranial nerve

A

CN V–Trigeminal

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45
Q

Nerves V1, V2, and V3 join at the

A

trigeminal ganglion to become the trigeminal nerve

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46
Q

where are CN V sensory cell bodies found?

A

In the trigeminal ganglion

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47
Q

Trigeminal nerve has 4 nuclei

A

mesencephalic nucleus
principle sensory nucleus
spinal trigeminal nucleus
motor nucleus

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48
Q

CN V nuclei are located in the midbrain and are responsible for proprioception from teeth and jaw

A

mesencephalic nucleus

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49
Q

Which CN V nuclei are located in the pons and responsible for touch and proprioception from the face

A

principle sensory nucleus

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50
Q

CN V nuclei are located in the pons and medulla and are responsible for pain and temperature from the face

A

spinal trigeminal

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51
Q

Which CN V nuclei is responsible for muscles of mastication

A

motor nucleus

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52
Q

What are the motor outputs of CN Vll

A

muscles of facial expression and neck

stapedius muscle of the inner ear, to dampen noise

visceral motor output to mucosa, salivary, and lachrymal glands

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53
Q

What are the sensory inputs to CN Vll

A

taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

somatosensation of pinnae

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54
Q

What are the 4 nuclei used by CN Vll

A

Motor nucleus of CN Vll

Superior salvatory nucleus

solitary nucleus

spinal trigeminal

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55
Q

CN Vll motor output wraps around the ________ nucleus

A

abducens

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56
Q

CN Vlll

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

57
Q

CN Vlll: A set of several ______ nuclei exist in rostral medulla to collect various vestibular inputs before sending them off to cerebellum and cerebral cortex (Via thalamus)

A

vestibular nuclei

58
Q

What are two cochlear nuclei

A

ventral and dorsal cochlear nucleus

59
Q

Ventral cochlear nucleus

A

encodes intensity and timing of sound for localization

60
Q

Dorsal cochlear nucleus

A

encodes pitch info, analyses quality of sound

61
Q

CN lX

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

62
Q

What is the motor output for CN lX

A

muscles for swallowing and speech

parasympathetic visceral input to salivary glands not covered by CN Vll

63
Q

What is the sensory input for CN lX

A

taste sensation and somatosensation from back 1/3 of tongue

somatosensation from eardrum, pharynx, tonsils, and eustachian tube

64
Q

What 4 nuclei does CN lX use

A

Nucleus ambiguous

inferior salivatory nucleus

solitary nucleus

spinal trigeminal

65
Q

CN Xll

A

hypoglossal nerve

66
Q

CN Xll: mostly _____________- controlling the muscles of the tongue

A

somatic motor output

67
Q

CN Xll weaves through ______ artery so may see changes in tongue control or muscle tone with vascular issues

A

carotid

68
Q

CN Xll nerve exits _____ between pyramids and inferior olives

A

medulla

69
Q

What nucleus does CN Xll use

A

hypoglossal nucleus

70
Q

CN X

A

vagus nerve

71
Q

What is the motor output of CN X

A

motor output to pharynx, raise epiglottis to seal off larynx

72
Q

What is the sensory input of CN X

A

taste from epiglottis, somatatosensation from ear canal

73
Q

What 4 nuclei does CN X use

A

dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
nucleus ambiguus
solitary nucleus
spinal trigeminal

74
Q

CN Xl

A

spinal accessory nucleus

75
Q

Motor output for CN Xl

A

shoulder muscles (traps)

muscles to turn head (sternocleidomastoid)

76
Q

What two nuclei does CN Xl use

A

nucleus ambiguus

accessory nucleus

77
Q

Dorsal is S or M

A

Sensory

78
Q

Ventral is S or M

A

Motor

78
Q

T/F neurons or their axons with similar functions are grouped together

A

T

78
Q

Spinal cord: grey matter on ______ while white matter on ______

A

inside; outside

78
Q

Ascending sensory input enters the spinal cord via ______ root

A

dorsal

79
Q

Descending motor output leaves the spinal cord via _____ root

A

ventral

80
Q

Ascending sensory soma is usually found in

A

dorsal root ganglion

81
Q

Descending motor soma usually found in

A

ventral horn

82
Q

Afferent fiber responsible for proprioceptor of skeletal muscle

A

A alpha

83
Q

Afferent fiber responsible for mechanoreceptors of skin

A

A beta

84
Q

Afferent fiber responsible for pain and temperature

A

A gamma

85
Q

Afferent fiber responsible for temperature, pain, itch

A

C

86
Q

What’s the connection between shingles and dermatomes?

A

Rashes will often show in 1 single dermatome

87
Q

Ascending pathways are ____ neurons long

A

3

88
Q

DCML pathway: all sensory input enters the spinal cord via

A

dorsal root

89
Q

DCML pathway: fine touch and proprioception ascend up to the brain in the

A

dorsal columns

90
Q

DCML pathway: Where is the first synapse

A

Dorsal column nuclei in the caudal medulla

91
Q

DCML pathway: when does decussation occur

A

directly after synapse 1 in dorsal column nuclei

92
Q

DCML pathway: where is the second synapse

A

ascends up the medial lemniscus and synapses in the thalamus

93
Q

DCML pathway: Nucleus ________ touch and proprioception from the upper body (cervical and thoracic cord)

A

Cuneatus

93
Q

DCML pathway: final synapse

A

S1–primary sensory cortex

94
Q

DCML pathway: Nucleus _______ touch and proprioception from lower body (lumbar and sacral cord)

A

Gracilis

95
Q

Starting at the bottom of the cord, sensory axons from sacral and lumbar zones enter dorsal root, becoming Fasciculus

A

gracilis

96
Q

From T6 and up, sensory axons from upper thoracic and cervical zones enter dorsal root and become fasciculus

A

cuneatus

97
Q

DCML pathway: which nerve is strongly associated with touch and proprioception of the face

A

CN V–trigeminal

98
Q

Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: carries what type of information

A

pain, temperature, “crude touch”

99
Q

Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: information enters spinal cord via

A

dorsal root

100
Q

Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: synapses around where it enters in ___________ of dorsal horn

A

substantia gelatinosa

101
Q

Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: when does it decussate

A

after the first synapse

102
Q

Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: after synapse, it will ascend in the __________ of the spinal cord

A

lateral funiculus

103
Q

Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pathway: ascends to the

A

VPL of thalamus

104
Q

Dorsal and ventral roots join together to become the

A

spinal nerve

105
Q

Upper motor neurons: Cell body in

A

cortex or brainstem

106
Q

upper motor neurons: synapses onto ______ in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

A

LMN

107
Q

Lower motor neurons: cell body in

A

ventral horn of spinal cord

108
Q

Lower motor neurons: synapses

A

directly onto muscles

109
Q

Descending pathways are ____ neurons long

A

2

110
Q

Corticospinal tract: M1 –>

A

spinal cord

111
Q

Corticospinal tract: what sort of information

A

fine movements of extremities (fingers, tongue)

112
Q

Corticospinal tract: forms the ________ in the medulla

A

pyramids (pyramidal tract)

113
Q

Rubrospinal tract: midbrain –>

A

spinal cord

114
Q

Rubrospinal tract: what sort of movement

A

large, gross movement and limb coordination in most mammals

115
Q

Rubrospinal tract: gets input from cortex and

A

cerebellum

116
Q

Rubrospinal tract: is or isn’t used a lot in humans after infancy

A

is not

117
Q

_______ __________: axon bundle weaving through forebrain, BG, and thalamus towards the brainstem

A

internal capsule

118
Q

Corticospinal tract: forms ____ ____ in the midbrain

A

cerebral peduncles

119
Q

Corticospinal tract: forms ____ in the medulla, where it decussates

A

pyramids

120
Q

Rubrospinal tract: _______ nucleus gets input from the motor cortex and cerebellum

A

red

121
Q

Rubrospinal tract: red nucleus located in midbrain and axons ______ right away

A

decussate

122
Q

Rubrospinal tract: travels next to what tract

A

corticospinal tract

123
Q

In 4 legged animals and some primates what tract is very active during gross voluntary movements

A

rubrospinal tract

124
Q

In 2 legged upright primates (like us) what tract doesn’t do much

A

rubrospinal tract

125
Q

T/F many lesions to corticospinal tract in humans show near complete eventual recovery if rubrospinal tract is intact

A

True

126
Q

______ tract is like corticospinal tract but for the face

A

corticobulbar

127
Q

Corticobulbar tract: instead of synapsing in the ventral horn it will synapse in

A

cranial nerve nuclei

128
Q

Vestibulospinal tract: vestibular nuclei to the spinal cord: function?

A

balance

129
Q

Tectospinal tract: superior colliculi to the spinal cord: function?

A

turning head in reaction to visual stimuli in the periphery

130
Q

Reticulospinal tract: reticular formation to the spinal cord: Function?

A

posture and automated locomotion

131
Q

Vestibulospinal tract axons descend

A

bilaterally

132
Q

Tectospinal tract: axons descending right along the midline, targeting lower motor neurons for _______ neck and upper body muscles

A

contralateral

133
Q

Reticulospinal tracts: pons section and medulla section each give rise to axons that target ______ spinal cord lower motor neurons

A

ipsilateral (help remain standing)

134
Q
A

Neurobiology (11 decks)

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