Unit 1 Final Exam Flashcards
The ectoderm will help create
CNS and Skin
All the parts of the CNS arise from a specialized region of the ectoderm called the
neural Plate
Where is the neural plate located
along the dorsal midline of the embryo where the spine will form
Cell division along the ______ region of the neural plate is faster than cell proliferation near the _____
border; middle
Thus, edges expand forming the ________________ where as the central bottoms out forming the _________-
neural fold; neural groove (valley)
The indentation deepens until it closes completely forming the neural
tube
Closure of the neural tube happens first
near the top
Open fluid-filled space inside the neural tube becomes the
ventricular system
Prosencephalon aka
forebrain
Cerebral cortex, BG, and thalamus from the
prosencephalon
Mesencephalon or
midbrain
Brainstem aka midbrain from
mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon aka
hindbrain
Pons, medulla, cerebellum
rhombencephalon
telencephalon becomes the
cerbral cortex and BG
Diencephalon becomes the
hypothalamus and thalamus
olfactory bulbs are from the
telencephalon
olfactory cups from
diencephalon
Telencephalic vesicles expand into the
cerebral hemispheres
open fluid-filled space within the telencephalon becomes the
lateral ventricles
open fluid-filled space within the diencephalon becomes
third ventricle
Tectum and tegmentum comes from what
mesencephalon
Open fluid filled space within the midbrain becomes
cerebral aqueduct
metencephalon forms
pons and cerebellum
Myelencephalon forms
medulla
Sulcus is a
valley
Gyrus is a
hill
higher order animal tends to have more complex cortex, meaning more layers of neurons T/F
True
Typically how many layers of the Neocortex
6 layers
More neurons means what
more processing power
Sensory cortex has large input layer aka layer
IV
Motor cortex is mostly output so the output layer (___ and ___) are very large while layer lV is quite small
V and Vl
Brain function is ________
localized
In general, Brain function is
cross lateralized
Sagittal cuts our bodies
in two sides
Coronal cuts our bodies
in two sides (front and back)
Horizontal cuts our bodies
in two halves (superior and inferior)
The limbic lobe surrounds what
corpus callosum
_______ lobe: cognition, decision-making, motor cortex
frontal
T/F prefrontal cortex is frontal lobe minus the motor cortex strip
T
_____ lobe: vision
occipital
_____ lobe: integrates spatial information and other senses
Parietal
_______ lobe: audition, speech/language, memory, emotion, object recognition
Temporal
White matter
axons myelinated
Grey matter
cell bodies
What is the organization of the spinal cord cross-section
grey mattter on the inside and white on the outside
On what basis did Brodmann develop his map of 46 different areas of the cerebral cortex
cytoarchitecture and cell layers
What structure during lab 1 made it so difficult to create
hippocampus and fornix swoops through the cerebrum at a curved angle
T/F vertebrate brains have the same basic regions
True
Do reptiles have small or large cortex
small
Do primates have a small or large cortex
large
Does the brain to body mass ratio predict cognitive ability
No
Humans with larger bodies have larger brains but they have the same number of
neurons–not predictive of intelligence
What is the Encephalization quotient
How large is the brain expected to be based on body size and other metrics?
What is the best measure of cognitive ability
neuron packing density in the cortex–but still not 100% known
The CNS is further protected as a result of being suspended within the ______ partially anchoring it to the skulll
meninges
The meninges encase the brain in the CSF around it to allow…
brain to ‘float’, lessening the force of impact
___________: floating means the brain is lighter than if it were in the air
buoyancy
What is the outer meninges
dura mater
What is the inner meninges
Pia mater
The Ventricular system is filled with
CSF
T/F Does the ventricular system allow for the maintenance of homeostasis of neuroendocrine factors by flushing out of the brain into the bloodstream
True
Where is CSF produced
choroid plexus
Where are spinal taps done
lumbar cistern
Certain pathologies can clog the narrowest portions of the ventricular system, if this occurs before the skull plates have fused, the ventricle inflates with CSF called
hydrocephalus
How is CSF absorbed into the bloodstream
at arachnoid villae
Bits of arachnoid membrane protrude out through parts of the dura at open spaces (sinuses) creating
arachnoid villae
When CSF pressure is greater than the liquid pressure outside, valves
open and allow CSF to release into the cavity above the longitudinal fissure
What color is Nissl stain
violet
What does the Nissl stain stain
RER purple
what is the Nissl stain great for
seeing cell bodies
Nissl stain–does white matter take up any color
not really
H&E stain–hematoxylin stains nuclei ______ while Eosin stain cytoplasm _____
purple; pink
Can axons and dendrites be distinguished well with the H&E stain
no
Weigert myelin stain is classic for staining tissue dark black while leaving unmyelinated tissue _______
pale–so grey matter is pale
Luxol fast blue stain stains myelin ____ but also stains ER/other parts _____
blue; purple
What is the Luxol Fast Blue stain often paired with
H&E
Golgi stain uses silver nitrate and stains entire cells
black
