Unit 3 Final Exam Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
Retinofugal projections are axons that leave the
A
retina of the eye
2
Q
What is the main target of retinofugal projections
A
LGN of thalamus
2
Q
The right visual fields fall on the temporal hemiretina of the _____ eye and the nasal hemiretina of the ____ eye
A
left; right
3
Q
The left visual fields falls on the temporal hemiretina of the _____ eye and the nasal hemiretina of the _____ eye
A
right; left
4
Q
Retina to LGN: function
A
conscious vision, movement, and object recognition
5
Q
LGN: layers 3-6
A
color and detail
6
Q
LGN: layers 1 and 2
A
patterns and motion
7
Q
layers 1,4,6
A
contralateral inputs
8
Q
Layers 2,3,5
A
ipsilateral inputs
9
Q
Right LGN = _____ side of the world
A
left
10
Q
Is there binocular vision in LGN
A
no
11
Q
Pretectum
A
pupillary light reflex
12
Q
Superior colliculus
A
gaze shifting/eye movements
13
Q
SCN
A
circadian rythmn
14
Q
Pretectum neurons synapse bilaterally onto
A
Edinger Westphal nucleus (lll)
15
Q
E-W lll nuclei send upper motor neurons to the _________ outside the eye as part of CN lll
A
ciliary ganglion
16
Q
Ciliary ganglion lower motor neurons will tell our eye to
A
constrict pupil via muscles
17
Q
Conjugate eye movement
A
activating opposite muscles of L and R eyes to move towards same point in space
18
Q
Vergence movement
A
move the central axis of each eye towards (convergence) or away (divergence)
19
Q
Is light required to keep the circadian clock
A
yes
20
Q
What visual functions only need to detect the presence of light and not the use of rods and cones
A
pupillary light
circadian rhythms
21
Q
What type of ganglion cells are used with SCN
A
photo-sensitive retinal cells
22
Q
How are intrinsically photo-sensitive RGCs distributed
A
evenly over the retina
23
Q
_______: Rapid small conjugate movements that change the point of fixation
A
Saccades
24
_______: slow conjugate movements to follow a target
smooth pursuits
25
_______: eye movements that compensate for head rotation
VOR
26
_______: slow, dis conjugate eye movments to change the focal distance
Vergence
27
_______: small, involuntary movements necessary for vision
fill in blindspot--mini eye movements
28
What 3 things need to happen for the accommodation of the eye
convergence
constriction
contraction or constriction of ciliary muscles and lens
29
Accommodation of the eye, same circuitry as the pupillary light reflex BUT requires what
cortical feedback
30
_____: automatically produces slow eye movement in the direction opposite to the head movement
VOR
31
What does VOR rely on
semicircular canals
32
Nystagmus
Combination of slow movements and quick saccades
33
Nystagmus has an auto reflex to keep the image focused in place on the retina due to
direction-selective retinal ganglion cells
34
e.g. optikinetic nystagmus
looking out the window in a moving car or train without moving the head
35
e.g. vestibular nystagmus
spinning in circle and quickly stopping
36
VOR circuit is used to stabilize
vision quickly to keep image sharp
37
VOR uses what nuclei
oculumotor and abducens
38
VOR: what will help increase rxn time
direct projection from vestibular nucleus to nucleus lll
39
VOR: semicircular canals report on angular velocity, but eyes are small and located further away from the center of head than the canals
we use gain:
change in eye angle/change in angle during head turn
40
PPRF does
saccade generator
provide input to abduces
horizontal gaze correction
41
What does blindsight occur
in the absence of V1
42
Deep layers of SC maintain what
auditory map of space through the auditory cortex and inferior colliculi
43
Others rely on stereopsis and integration of visual and auditory input in a more critical way than humans T/F
T
44
Do owls have large binocular visual zone
Yes
45
Are owls able to perceive 3D movement
yes
46
Barn owl vision: fairly low visual acuity --> must integrate
auditory input as well
47
Barn owl audition: asymmetrical ear opening
right ear up; left ear down
48
Barn owl audition: Azimuth
horizontal
49
Barn owl audition: elevation
vertical
50
Barn owl audition: ITD
horizontal
51
Barn owl audition: ITD uses
superior olives
52
Barn owl audition: ILD
vertically
53
Barn owl audition: ILD left plug
the owl looked too high
54
Barn owl audition: ILD right plug
owl looking too low
55
Visual and auditory integration in barn owls: what happens when earplugs are worn? what if earplugs and blinds are worn?
Earplugs only--barn owls would adapt within a few weeks
Earplugs and blinders--they would not improve because both visual and auditory input is needed
56
Barn owl: auditory responses immediately after removing prisms show errors in _______ direction from prism shift
opposite
57
Where is the initial processing in vision done by
done by non photoreceptor cells in the retina
58
Cochlea just has hair cells, so initial processing and localization don't by bilateral _____ _____ (superior olive and inferior colliculus) to form a map of auditory space
brainstem nuclei
59
________ nerve reports on touch to the eye
trigeminal
60
auto reflex to trigger ________ nerve to blink
facial
61
Regulation of muscle tone, coordination of skilled voluntary movement
Spinocerebellum
62
Aids learning of skilled movement; allows them to become more rapid with precise with learning
cerebrocerebellum
63
Maintenance of balance, control of eye movements
Vestibulocerebellum
64
Superior cerebellar peduncles: _______ to the cortex
output
65
Middle cerebellar peduncles: Input from cortex via pons using
pontine nuclei
66
Inferior cerebellar peduncles: input from
body and inferior olives (some output to vestibular nuclei)
67
Superior cerebellar peduncle: almost all fibers are efferent from the cerebellum to ______ cortex
Contralateral
68
Superior cerebellar peduncles: exit cerebellum via deep cerebellar nuclei to ______ thalamus
contralateral
69
The superior cerebellar peduncle provides important feedback for lateral motor systems via the motor cortex ( ____) and red nucleus (_____)
corticospinal
rubrospinal
70
Superior cerebellar peduncle: projections from deep cerebellar nuclei (dentate, interpositions and fastigial) to ________ red nucleus and VA/VL thalamus
contralateral
71
Superior cerebellar peduncles: deep nuclei receive GABAergic ______ inputs from purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex
inhibitory
72
Where is middle cerebellar peduncles found
pons
73
Pontine nuclei look like
grey matter of well-marbled steak
74
Middle cerebellar peduncles is input from ______ motor cortex via relays in pontine nuclei
contralateral
75
____ cells: sole source of output from cerebellar cortex to deep cerebellar nuclei
Purkinje cells
76
Purkinje cells are GABAergic so
inhibitory
77
Granule cells receive input via
mossy fibers from pontine nuclei
78
Granule cell axons rise into the molecular layer and become
parallel fibers
79
Climbing fibers originate from contralateral
inferior olives
80
Climbing fibers wrap around
Purkinje cells
81
A single climbing fiber contacts up to 10 P Cells but each P cell...
has only a single climbing fiber input
82
Activation of P cells results in a strong
depolarization
83
Baskey cells, Golgi cells, and stellate cells act like _____ interneurons providing _______ input to Purkinje
inhibitory
84
Climbing and mossy/parallel fibers are all
excitatory
85
Cerebrocerebellum is for _____ movement
planning
86
_________ movements that are uncoordinated or inaccurate due to any damage to motor areas
ataxia
87
_____ decomposition of complex multijoint movements into parts (robotic-like)
dyssynergia
88
_______ poor control of speed and distance for coordinated movements
dysmetria
89
Damage to the cerebellum produces deficits on
same side of the body
90
Lab: cerebellum lesions prevent what
Inferior olive and pons lesions as well as cerebellum lesions prevent learning
91
Lab: does damage to VA/VL thalamus produce ataxia but not impair adaptation
yes
92
Cerebellar motor learning of this is specific...
to the body part trained and the type of movement
93
Information from the intermediate zone next to vermis goes to what
interpositus nucleus
94
Information from the Vermis goes to what
fastigial nucleus
95
interpositus nucleus to what path
rubrospinal
96
fastigial nucleus to what path
reticulospinal
97
