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Neuro > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

illuminance

A

lighy from a light source

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2
Q

luminance

A

light reflected from objects

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3
Q

intensity

A

illuminance and luminance

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4
Q

—— + ——- focus on an inverted image on the ——- with an aperaturer controlled by the ——–

A

cornea and lens , retina, pupil

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5
Q

factors limiting spatial acuity

A

diffraction
lens aberration
refractice error

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6
Q

when does light get diffracted and what is meant by that

A

when passing through a lens ( pupil ) , light spreads

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7
Q

point spread function

A

describes the blurred circle on the retina

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8
Q

optical imprecisions in real life

A

spherical aberration
chromatic aberration
glare

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9
Q

spherical

A

marginal rays focus closer than axial

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10
Q

chromatic aberration

A

diff colours focus diff depths

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11
Q

glare

A

small particles in the optical media as a cause for light scatter

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12
Q

emmentropic

A

when eye can be focused on infinity and incoming rays are parallel

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13
Q

amentropic

A

incoming eyes not parallel

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14
Q

short sighted

A

myopia

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15
Q

long sighted

A

hypermetropia

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16
Q

myopia increased risk

A

retinal detchment , glaucona , degeneration

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17
Q

presbyopia

A

lense becomes inflexible with age –> reduction in accomodation power

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18
Q

long sightedness

A

hypermetropia

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19
Q

protein in lens

A

crystallin

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20
Q

cataract

A

clouding of lens

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21
Q

cornea and lens are supplied by _______ with metabolites produced by _________ and drained off by _________ + __________

A

aqueous humour , ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, canal of schlemm

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22
Q

glaucoma

A

vision loss due to optic nerve damage

primarly caused by reduced outflow as intralocular pressure is raised

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23
Q

lens power

A

1/ focal length, measured in dioptes

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24
Q

lens power

A

1/ focal length, measured in dioptes

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25
Q

accomodation

A

change in lens power ( focal lenght )

using ciliarly muscle and zonule / suspensory ligaments

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26
Q

near reflex

A

convergence of two eyes to fixate on new target - point at same object

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27
Q

what causes accomodation

A

simultaneous constriction of the pupil
near reflex
pupil size change

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28
Q

ciliary muscles are under

A

parasympathetic control via the oculomotor nerve

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29
Q

iris - 2 muscles

A

sphincter ( para ) and dilator ( sym )

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30
Q

pupil diameter circuitry involves projection from the retina to the _______ which projects bilaterally to preganglion parasympathetic neurons in the _____________ projecting via ___________ to the __________

A

pretectum –> Edinger-Westphal nucleus –> oculomotor nerve –> ciliary ganglion

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31
Q

two eyes illuminations

A

direct and consensual response for illumination bcs of projections of protectum

32
Q

agryll- robertson pupil

A

pathology in which pupils accomodate but do not react ot bright light by constricting , neurosyphilis characteristic

33
Q

amarcine

A

diverse transmitters + meidate diverse interactions

34
Q

glial element in retina

A

mueller cells

35
Q

retina , 5 layers

A

3 nuclear layers- cell bodies ( outer , inner, ganglion cell layer ) + 2 plexiform layers - axons + synapses ( outer and inner )

36
Q

outer nuclear layer

A

photoreceptor cell bodies

37
Q

inner nuclear layer

A

bipolar, horizontal, amarcine

38
Q

outer plexiform layer

A

synapse: photoreceptors , bipolar, horizontal

39
Q

inner plexiform layer

A

synapse bipolar amarcine ganglion

40
Q

receptive field size

A

degree of convergence

41
Q

photoreceptor synapse

A

presynaptic ribbon + form synaptic triads with bip and hori post synaptic cells

42
Q

cone synapse

A

terminals –> cone pedicle , divergence, invaginating or flat

43
Q

rod synapse

A

terminals: rod spherule , convergence

44
Q

off centre - centre stim

A

hyperpolarise , gl opens ionotropic

45
Q

off centre - surround

A

dep with inhibitory feedback synapse ( disinhibition of photoreceptor )

46
Q

on-centre - centre

A

depolarising through sign inverting synapse via metabotropic glutamate mGlu6 receptor

47
Q

parvocellular/midgey ganglion

A

sustained response

48
Q

rod signalling pathway retina

A

rod- rod BP - rod amarcine cell - gap junction on centre BP / inhibitory synapse to off centre BP

49
Q

mesopic

A

cones and rods

50
Q

LGN the ______ fans out in a broad pathway

A

optic radiation

51
Q

through ________ ending in V1. at occipital pole in the _________

A

internal capsule, calcarine sulcus

52
Q

cortical magnification

A

fovea overrepresented in retinotopic representataion

53
Q

fibres from LGN end on

A

spiny stellate ( layer 4 )

54
Q

magno –>

A

4 c alpha

55
Q

parvo –>

A

4 c beta

56
Q

outputs to higher visual areas

A

pyramidal neurons

57
Q

end stopping

A

respond only to short bars, become inhibited if exceeding critical lenght

58
Q

stereopsis

A

binocular judgement of rel depth

59
Q

amblyopia

A

problem with V1 function, affects 5 % of humans

can occur if humans wear eye patches uncorrected astigmatistm

60
Q

v2

A

thin and thick interstripes

61
Q

absorption of light determining the

A

action spectrum of cone

62
Q

tetrachromacy birds

A

colour oil droplets at the base of cone outer segments , filter incident light before reaching lamellae –> can see UV light

63
Q

test for normal trichromacy

A

rayleigh match

64
Q

protanopia

A

missing red cone type

65
Q

deuteranopia

A

missing green cone type

66
Q

tritanopia

A

missing blue cone type

67
Q

protanomaly

A

red cone pigment shifted towards yellow i.e more red is needed in colour matching

68
Q

deuteranomaly

A

green pigment shifted towards yellow

69
Q

tritanomaly

A

very rare, blue pigment shifted

70
Q

Mondrian experiment

A

V1- colour of light makes cell repond

V4- only colour of object not light matches

colour constancy as colour analyses irrespective of illumination

71
Q

scotopic range

A

parafovea region with highest density of rods focued

72
Q

mesopic range

A

rods and cones

73
Q

photopic

A

cones

74
Q

increment threshold experiment

A

threshold test spot intesnity to be seen as background intensity varies

75
Q

absoulte threshold

A

threshold independ of background set by dark light

Neuro (13 decks)

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