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Neuro > Higher Cognition > Flashcards

Higher Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

selective attention

A

how efficiently can we select relevant information and ignore irrelevant information

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2
Q

attention good for

A

influencing perception and awareness

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3
Q

limited attentional capacity

A

shadowing task + cocktail effect

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4
Q

endogenous

A

top down attention – actively choose to attend to something

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5
Q

exogenous

A

bottom-up attention – attention is stimuli driven

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6
Q

Posner experiments

A

influence of covert attention on processing efficiency

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7
Q

spatial spotlight

A

conjuction of features need to be analysed by a moving spotlight

  • Different attributes of a single object – perceptual synthesis
  • Scan array for presence of a single feature – RT varies little with number of elements present in the array- feature pops out – parallel search
  • If conjunction of feature has to be analysed – RT increases linearly with the number of items in the array – serial search implicating a spatial spotlight which analyses objects one-by-one
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8
Q

neglect

A

-Brain damage affecting the inferior parietal cortex within the right posterior parietal lobes

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9
Q

benefits of attention

A

detection benefits ( Posner cueing paradigm )

spatial spotlight - parallel vs serial search

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10
Q

neglect not a sensori deficit

A
  1. Olfactory processing
  2. orienting attention
  3. Representational neglect.
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11
Q

Representation Neglect

A

Bisiach and Luzzatti asked patients to imagine all the landmarks of the Piazza del Duomo in Milan from a particular vantage point (north or south). In patients with neglect, errors were related to their neglected side as determined from their vantage point. This suggests that neglect patients may have difficulties in scanning memory representations, as well as the actual hemi- space, contralateral to the side of the lesion (Bisiach and Luzzatti, 1978).

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12
Q

orienting attention - neglect patient failure

A
  1. Patients with damage in visual areas of the brain may exhibit blind spots (scotoma) when their fields of spatial vision are tested while they are fixating. Such deficits can be hard to pick up if the subject is allowed to move their eyes. But this is not true of neglect; in this case the patient will not use eye movements to explore contralateral space, even though their eye movements per se are intact.
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13
Q

Olfactory - neglect

A

Olfactory neglect occurs even though the olfactory pathways, unlike auditory, tactile, or visual pathways, are uncrossed

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14
Q

extinction

A

extinction which occurs when the subject is simultaneously presented with stimuli in both fields, but only the ipsilateral stimulus is detected.

due to attentional competition between stimuli in different regions of space.

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15
Q

Posner Paradigm neglect patients + extinction patient

A

when the cue is invalid, slowe RT when the cue on the right hemi- space.

have difficulty disengaging attention from the invalid cue.

In the case of extinction, then, the suggestion is that neglect patients cannot release attention from the right hemi-space to enable them to detect the stimulus on the left.

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16
Q

Posner to study attentional deficits

A

distinction between different attentional orienting

deficits can be related to three components of exogenous orienting: ‘disengage’, ‘move’, and ‘re-engage’ attention.

unilateral thalamic damage can be slow to detect targets opposite to the side of the lesion regardless of the side on which the pre-cue occurs (problem with re- engagement)

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17
Q

parietal lobe

A

attention modulation

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18
Q

right parietal

A

orienting attention

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19
Q

evidence for orienting attention right parietal

A

In one such study (Corbetta et al., 1993), subjects were instructed to keep attention at a central location or move it in one visual field between a number of boxes to detect targets, without moving the eyes. Subtraction between the two conditions revealed residual activation in the right parietal lobe when targets were on the left and in both right and left parietal lobes when the targets were on the right

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20
Q

changes in regional cerebral blood flow while participants searched visual displays for targets defined by either motion or colour, or both.

  • attention orienting
A

‘colour’ condition all four windows displayed moving dots but only one window had the target coloured dots which subjects had to report.

‘motion’ condition some of the dots in only one window moved at target speed.

In the ‘conjunction’ condition subjects had to report targets only when the correct coloured dots moved at the target speed.

Passive conditions served as control (subtraction) tasks.

The theoretically expected RT functions were flat in the separate conditions and graded for the conjunction condition.

The anatomical focus for the conjunction condition was posterior parietal cortex, just as in the spatial shifting experiment mentioned above.

This suggests that subjects are indeed shifting spatially between different locations to find the conjunction targets.

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21
Q

cellular studies of visual attention

A

Cellular studies of visual attention have suggested that selective attention involves either enhanced firing of cells that respond to the object of interest or attenuated firing of cells that respond to objects that are being ignored.

22
Q

monkey experiment covert and overt attention

A

that cells in the superior colliculus and in V1 responded more intensely when the animal made a saccade to the stimulus, but not when they didn’t.
- do not code selective attention per se but only code overt attention, enhancement was due to changes in the general level of arousal and from the neural mechanisms involved in the eye movement.

In contrast, cells in the posterior parietal cortex, the pulvinar and the dorsolateral PFC showed enhanced responding to the stimulus regardless of whether they made the saccade or not (i.e. in both the overt and covert condition), thus these cells have the properties of visual attention units.

23
Q

spatial attention altering activty in v4

A

(a) When the animal attended to the red bar, the V4 neuron gave a good response. (b) When the animal attended to the green bar, a poor response was generated.

24
Q

brain areas in selective attention

A

posterior parietal cortex.

In addition, damage to several other brain structures has been reported to cause neglect, including the thalamus (the pulvinar), and the dorsolateral prefrontal

cortex, and more importantly the white matter tracts linking these structures. Thus the general view is that attention does not result from the activity of single brain areas but rather from the interaction of large-scale networks that include prefrontal regions (cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal), parietal cortex, visual association cortices, the thalamus (pulvinar) and frontal eye fields.

25
Q

Functions of orbifrontal cortex

A

inhibitory control / stimulus-reward learning :

2) Decision-Making/ Reasoning –> need stimulus-outcome learning to be able to make decisions
3) Emotion and emotional control of behavior

26
Q

function of lateral prefrontal cortex

A

working memory

inhibitory control : preservation behaviour in wisconsin sorting task

27
Q

Somatic Marker Hypothesis

A
  • Theory in which emotion and decision making interact
  • Reasoning guided by emotional evaluations ( visceral events ) of an actions consequences as memories instilled with emotional associations help make decisions in that we are biased toward actions with positive associations and against actions with negative associations
28
Q

ventromedial PFC lesions

A

memories stripped of emotional content

o No galvanic skin responses to distrubting images
o No emotional reaction to death of a friend
o Gambling task : no anticipatory galvanic skin response ahead of risky cards
 However, not sure of direction of correlation

29
Q

prefrontal cortex

A
  • capacity to weigh the consequences of future actions and plan those
  • areas within the PFC having different connectivity patterns with rest of the brain – varying lesion sites lead to varying deficits in monkeys and humans
30
Q

two sub regions of PFC in monkeys ( primates )

A
  • dorsolateral PFC

- orbifrontal/ ventromedial cortex

31
Q

massive projections to PFC from:

A
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • subcortical structures: basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem ( via thalamus )
32
Q

projections from PFC

A
  • motor areas , premotor areas
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • subcortical structures: basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem ( via thalamus )
  • contralateral hemisphere
33
Q

interconnectivity of PFC function

A

high degree of interconnectivity of PFC–> coordinate processing across many regions of CNS

34
Q

: bilateral lesions of the dIPFC in macaque

A

similar performance on modified WCST – working memory impaired

preserverance

35
Q

lesions to principal sulcus ( dorsal )

A

spatial WM deficits

  • delayed response task : peanut hidden , 2 locations, delay through screen, select location of hidden peanut
  • problem only if : delay + spatial aspect
  • other lesion tests have refined conclusion that temporary storage of information used to guide future action is affected – i. e working memory
36
Q

lesions of ventral regions of PFC

A

– working memory deficits of visual features

- non matching to sample performance – impaired

37
Q

continuation of where what pathway?

A

similar distinctions between spatial and visual aspects of attention within dorsal and ventral lateral PFC , continuation of ventral and dorsal visual stream , however, controversial if this is the case : the functions of the regions could be shaped by the demand of the cognitive tasks i.e integrating sptial and non-spatial information

38
Q

Electrophysiological recordings of neurons in dIPFC

A
  • in a delay response task with food hidden in a location –> increase firing when cue is presented + continuation of firing in delay period –> related to retention of information needed to make the appropriate choice after delay ( i.e working memory )
39
Q

behavioural evidence delay alternation task humans

A
  • delay alternation – correct response requires that subject chooses the location opposite to that of the previously rewarded one
  • patients with frontal damage – difficulty with task
40
Q

working memory

A

PFC

but can also be located otuside of it

41
Q

Prefronal cortex role

A

Executive control

cognitive control Control
Behavioural inhibition
Cognitive flexibility
Integration of emotion
Attentional processing

–> select , monitor and adjust behaviour
–> executive control choosing appropritate behaviour we try
o

42
Q

single cell recording in inferior temporal cortex

A

cells resopnd specifically to hand but not hand like images

43
Q

ensemble hypothesis

A

an object is defined by the simultanous activation of a set of defining properties

44
Q

hierarchical coding hypothesis

A

simple features project onto ever increasing complex ones , need simple features

problem: dont have infinite neurons

45
Q

prosopagnosia

A

selective loss of knowledge about faces ( damage to ventral visual stream )

46
Q

achromatopsia

A

inability to identify or discriminate two colours of chips

47
Q

inferior temporal cortex

A

more specific feature coding, hands and faces

48
Q

plaid grating patterns

A

different grating of different orientation superimposed to create plaid patterns that have different apparent direction of motion to its component

49
Q

experiment plaid grating showed

A

two types of cortical neurons

component direction selective : V1 nad extrastriate
pattern selective : MT –> global direction

50
Q

MST

A

linear motion, radial motion

51
Q

akinetopsia

A

motion blindness

Neuro (13 decks)

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