Vision Flashcards

1
Q

what muscles control pupil diameter

A

dilator pupillae

sphincter pupillae

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2
Q

strength of cornea and lens in diopters?

A

cornea: 42
len: 20

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3
Q

describe emmetropia

A

when looking at far objects, lens flattens

when looking at near objects, lens bulges

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4
Q

descrime myopia (short sightedness)

A

lens too strong, eye too long. lens accommodates by staying flattened.
near vision is fine.
far vision - focsues before retina.
corrected by concave lens

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5
Q

describe hypertropia (far sightedness)

A

lens too weak, eye too short. lens stays round.
fine for far objects
for near objects, focuses too late
counteracted with convex lens

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6
Q

describe snellen chart

A

distance viewed/distance a normally sighted person can see the thing at

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7
Q

describe grating acuity test

A

easy

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8
Q

describe vernier acuity test

A

easy

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9
Q

describe presbyopia

A

far sightedness that comes from loss of elasticity of lens, so it stays round (old people)

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10
Q

what are the two types of photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

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11
Q

describe rods

A
  • high light sensitivity

- single wavelength range: no colour vision

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12
Q

describe cones

A
  • low light sensitivity

- 3 wavelength ranges - blue, green, red

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13
Q

describe phototransduction when there is light

A
causes conf change in rhodopsin
activates g protein
turns cGMP to GMP
closes Na+ channel
hyperpolarisation
less glutamate released from photoreceptor
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14
Q

describe phototransduction when there isn’t light

A

no conf change in rhodopsin
cGMP bound to Na+, so it’s open.
relatively more glutamate is released

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15
Q

two factors affecting acuity

A

cone density

convergence ratio

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16
Q

describe central retinal (fovea) in terms of cone density and convergence ratio

A

high cone density/convergence ratio

17
Q

describe peripheral retina in terms of cone density and convergence ratio

A

low cone density/convergence ratio

18
Q

after photoreceptors, where does glutamate go

A

bipolar cells

19
Q

are bipolar cells spiking

A

NO

20
Q

describe off centre bipolar cells

A

shining light on centre causes hyperpolarisation - conserves sign of photor’s
ionotropic glutamate gated cation channels

21
Q

descirbe on centre bipolar cells

A

shining light in centre causes depolarisation

has metabotropic g protein goupled receptors

22
Q

are retinal ganglion cells spiking?

A

yes

23
Q

do retinal ganglion cells have receptive fields?

A

yes

24
Q
describe parasol cells in terms of
cell body/dendritic arbour/receptive field size
colour sensitivty
sensitivity to rapidly changing stimuli 
which LGN cells they go to
A

large
not colour sensitive
yes, sensitive
go to magnocellular LGN cells

25
Q
describe MIDGET cells in terms of
cell body/dendritic arbour/receptive field size
colour sensitivty
sensitivity to rapidly changing stimuli 
which LGN cells they go to
A

small
colour sensitive - receptive fields have yellow-blue and red-green opponency
NA
go to parvocellular layers

26
Q

where is LGN located

A

thalamus

27
Q

describe layering

A

bottom two layers: magnocellular layres

top 4 layers: parvocellular layers

28
Q

what happens if you put an electrode perpendicularly in to the layers

A

htey have the same receptive fields

29
Q

what is PVC aka

A

area 17, V1, striate cortex

30
Q

describe PVC simple cells

A

receptive fields have spatially segregated on/off regions
rotation of bar affects AP rate
monocular

31
Q

describe PVC complex cells

A

receptor fields have spatially homogenous on/off regions
rotation of bar affects Ap rate, but location of bar in receptive field doesnt
binocular

32
Q

describe PVC retinotropic map

A

adjacent areas of cortex correspond to adjacent areas of visual field
fovea is overrepresented

33
Q

what are the two main pathways from the PVC to the rest of the brain?

A

parietal/dorsal/where pathway

temporal/ventral/what pathway

34
Q

describe how pupillary reflex can be used to determine optic nerve/oculomotor nerve damage

A

optic nerve damage: no constriction response in either eye

oculomotor nerve damage: no constriction in the damaged side

35
Q

describe the vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

sensory: vestibular system
motor: eye movements
- -> since oppostie motor commands need to be generated, inhibition is required.