Repair

Question 1

in terms of regeneration, the lower the organism

Answer 1

the greater exent to which repair can happen

Question 2

3 mechanisms of regeneration

Answer 2

neurogenesis (CNS)
brain rewiring (CNS)
axogenesis

Question 3

why does axogenesis mainly occur in the PNS not the CNS

Answer 3

because oligodendrocytes (CNS) produce Nogo, a chemical that inhibits axon growth

Question 4

when does neurogenesis happen and what are the precursor cells

Answer 4

embryonic: neuroepithelial –> early/late radial glial cells –> progenitor cells
adult: neuroepithelial –> early/late radial glial cells –> B cells or subgranular zone radial aastrocytes –> progenitor cells

Question 5

mouse study on neurogenesis?

Answer 5

fed or didnt feed mice
exposed them to stimulating or non stimulating environments
most growth occurred for fed + stimulation

Question 6

3 important classes of stem cells

Answer 6

totipotent (differentiate into any cell type; zygote and early morula)
pluripotent (differentiate into derivatives of 3 germ layers)
multipotent (differentiate into close faimly of cells)

Question 7

3 types of pluripotent stem cells

Answer 7

embryonic stem cells
embryonic germ cells (primordial germ cells - precursors of spermatocytes and oocytes)
germ derived pluripotent stem cells: neonatal/adult spermatogonium

Question 8

3 routes to regeneration?

Answer 8

reprogramming
transdifferentiation
dedifferentiation

Question 9

describe transdifferentiation

Answer 9

differentiated cell exposed to factors, which changes it to a related differentiated cell

Question 10

describe dedifferentiation

Answer 10

differentiated cell exposed to factors which convert it to a precursor cell (not a pluripotent cell)

Question 11

describe reprogramming

Answer 11

differentiated cell A –> pluripotent –> differentiated cell B

Question 12

3 ways of reprogramming

Answer 12

induced pluripotent stem cell
fusing a somatic cell and an embryonic stem cell
fusing a somatic cell nucleus with an enucleated oocyte

Question 13

current treatment fo parkinsons

Answer 13

L-dopa (modified dopamine which can cross blood-brain barrier)
MAO-B inhibitors (enzymes which degrade dopamine)
dopamine agonists

Question 14

use of stem cells to treat parkinsons? where could they come from

Answer 14

use stem cells to make dopaminergic neurons
from
-embryonic stem cells
-foetal/adult neural stem cells
-induced pluripotent stem cells