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BMS1052 > Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

advantage of neurons in maintaining homeostasis over hormones

A

more rapid and generally discrete delivery

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2
Q

homeostasis circuit for ANS?

A

sensory NS –> CNS –> ANS

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3
Q

is the ANS pervasive

A

yes

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4
Q

describe how the enteric NS interacts with smooth muscle cells

A

via its varicosities, and through interstitial cells.

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5
Q

somatic NS:

  • function
  • effectors
  • extrinsic/intrinsic contraction
  • overall complexity
  • no. nt’s/receptors
  • nature of synapse
A 
muscle contraction 
skeletal muscle fibres
extrinsic - requries innervation
simple
1 nt (ACl) and 1 receptor (nicotinic)
neuromuscular junction, discrete delivery
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6
Q

autonomic NS:

  • function
  • effectors
  • extrinsic/intrinsic contraction
  • overall complexity
  • no. nt’s/receptors
  • nature of synapse
A 
survival
smooth/cardiac muscle, glands
intrinsic - however innervation can modulate
complex
more than one nt/receptor
junction; indiscrete delivery
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7
Q

the parasympathetic and sympathetic ns are

A

functionally opposing (only like one exception)

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8
Q

describe similarities of preganglionic neuron in sympathetic and parasympathetic ns

A

cell body located in spinal cord, hence myelinated

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9
Q

describe similarities of communication between pre and post ganglionic neuron in sympathetic and parasympathetic ns

A

occurs in ganglia (but location of ganglia differs)

ALWAYS ACh acting on nicotinic receptors (like somatic NS)

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10
Q

describe similarities of postganglionic neuron in sympathetic and parasympathetic ns

A

cell body in ganglia, hence unmyelinated (as its outside the spinal cord)

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11
Q

describe similarities of postganglionic neuron branching in sympathetic and parasympathetic ns

A

axons branch, have varicosities which contain nts in vesicles

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12
Q

describe similarities of transmission in sympathetic and parasympathetic ns

A

via junctions
-much bigger than neuromuscular junction, hence nt affects multiple effector cells (ie. not discrete)
all receptors are metabotropic

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13
Q

sympathetic ns

  • location of ganglia
  • is surgical denervation possible
  • relative length of preganglionic neuron
  • location of preganglionic cell bodies
  • locatio n of axon output
A

sympathetic chain ganglion for cardiovascular targets; hypogastric and mesenteric ganglion halfway towards target
surgical denervation possible - as its not attached to rogan
relatively short as synapse is in ganglion
efferents descend from midbrain/hindbrain, while cell bodies are found in the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord
-axons come out via lumbar and thoracic segments of the spinal cord

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14
Q

parasympathetic ns

  • location of ganglia
  • is surgical denervation possible
  • relative length of preganglionic neuron
  • location of preganglionic cell bodies
  • location of axon output
A

on wall of target organ, hence relatively long length of preganglionic neuron and difficult to surgically denervate.
preganglionic cell bodies found in brain and sacral region of spinal cord
for facial organs, axons go by the facial nerve, vagus (X) nerve for face-down, sacral nerve for pelvis.

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15
Q

nt’s in the

  • sympathetic ns
  • parasympathetic ns
A

sympathetic: noradrenaline and ATP; peptides
parasympathetic: nitric oxide and ACh; peptides

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16
Q

describe nitrix oxide synthesis

A

in cytoplasm of varicosity, low Ca And CaM levels which activates NO synthetase, which converts L-arginine to L-citrulline and nitric oxide.

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17
Q

effect of NO* on SMC

A

NO* is very lipid soluble, so passes PM into SMC

converts guanylyl cyclase to cGMP, which reduces SMC Ca2+ levels, leading to intense muscle contraction.

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18
Q

describe NO* removal

A

NO* is a free radical. hence it’s very reactive and only lasts for about 30 seconds.

19
Q

describe ATP synthesis and storage in terms of neurotransmission

A

cotransmitter - made along with NA and sometimes ACh, so stored in their vesicles

20
Q

describe the receptors ATP acts on

A

atP –> Purigenic

  • junctional or extrajunctional
  • excitatory or inhibitory, depending on where target organ si
21
Q

describe ATP metabolism

A

purigenic receptors are plentiful so its removed quickly.

22
Q

ACl synthesis?

A

cytoplasm of varicosity (enzymes located here)

23
Q

ACh storage

A

vesicles

24
Q

ACh action?

A

MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS
prejunctional
-on varicosity
-reduces transmitter released on each subsequent stimulus
postjunctional
-on target
-atleast 5 types, all blocked by atropine

25
Q

ACh removal?

A

acetylcholinesterase forms acetate and choline; choline recycled

results in no ACh being found in the bloodstream.

26
Q

noradrenaline synthesis

A

actually inside vesicles (has the enzymes)

27
Q

noradrenaline storage

A

vesicles

28
Q

noradrenaline action?

A

prejuctional receptors
-alpha
-varicosity
-reduces nt release on subsequent stimulus
postjunctional receptors
-found on smooth/cardiac msucle and glands
-alpha and beta
–>when NA binds to alpha, secondary messengers are produced which causes muscle contraction
–> when NA binds to beta receptors, secondary messengers are produced causing muscle relaxation

29
Q

how is noradrenaline removed

A

enzymes

reuptake

30
Q

2 differences between reuptake I and reuptake II

A

I:
prejunctional: actively transported into the varicosity
inhibited by cocaine
ii:
extrajunctional: actively transported into target
inhibited by steroids (including corticosteriods, which are produced by stress)

31
Q

regarding noradrenaline, what drugs counteract hypotension

A

would increase muscle contraction
alpha agonists
beta antagonists

32
Q

regarding noradrenaline, what drugs would counteract hypertension

A

would increase muscle relaxation
alpha antagonists
beta agonists

33
Q

where is adrenal medulla located

A

next to each kidney

34
Q

describe adrenal medulla innervation

A

by sympaethic preganglionic neuron

no post ganglionic neuron; if anything adrenal medulla = modified postganglionic neuron

35
Q

describe how adrenal medulla works

A

sympathetic NS activated
preganglionic neuron releases ACh which binds to nicotinic receptor on adrenal medulla, causing creation of adrenaline, which is released into the nearby bloodstream

36
Q

how does sensory info get to the brain?

A

sensory neurons come via the dorsal root to the dorsal horn (somas in dorsal root ganglion).
synapses with CNS neuron
decussation
then goes up the spinothalamic tract, where it reaches the thalamus

37
Q

describe two exceptions to this

A

cardiovascular: synapses with the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (brainstem) where it can then interact with cardiovascular centres. then it goes down by sympathetic/parasympathetic pathway to the heart.
stomach: as above, but only has a sympathetic pathway

38
Q

from the brain where does info go

A

thalamus –> hypothalamus –> rostral ventrolateral medulla (integrates info) –> caudal entrolateral medulla (distributes info to the body)
CNS neuron synapses with relevant preganglionic neuron

39
Q

describe leptin

A

fat levels in white fat cells increases
white fat cells secrete leptin
binds to receptors on neurons that synapse with the arcuate nucleus neurons
sympathetic neurons synapse with brown fat cells, inducing thermogenesis and fat burning

40
Q

describe how insulin relates to the Arc nucleus

A

neuron between the liver and arc

41
Q

describe how the male sexual response defies the functional antagonism of the ans

A

both are operating in delicate balance

42
Q

describe sympathetic regulation of male sexual response

A

leads to the stimulation of tubes, and the constriction of the penile artery by noradrenaline and ATP. leads to ejaculation

43
Q

describe the parasympathetic regulation of the male sexual response

A

nitric oxide

causes the dilation of the penile artery leading to an erection (stiffy)

44
Q

how does viagra

A

phosphodiesterases get rid of NO. viagra targets these enzymes to reduce affects of NO, hence to counter impotence

BMS1052 (20 decks)

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