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Brain and Cognition > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 visual receptor cells in the retina?

A

cone cells
rod cells

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2
Q

Where is the retina?

A

at the back of the eye

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3
Q

What are cone cells?

A

sensitive to colour

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4
Q

Where are cone cells located?

A

in the fovea (central part of retina)

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5
Q

What are rod cells?

A

used for dim light
sensitive to light levels

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6
Q

Where are rod cells located?

A

in the periphery (edges of visual field and retina)

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7
Q

What cell receives input from cones and rods?

A

retinal ganglion cells

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8
Q

Is central retina cone dominated or rod dominated?

A

cone dominated

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9
Q

Is peripheral retina cone dominated or rod dominated?

A

rod dominated

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10
Q

What is the process of reception?

A

the absorption of physical energy (light) when it hits the retina

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11
Q

What is the process of transduction?

A

the absorption of light which is then converted into electrochemical patterns in neurons (electrical signals) that reach the brain

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12
Q

Which hemisphere does information from the left visual field go to?

A

right hemisphere

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13
Q

Which hemisphere does information from the right visual field go to?

A

left hemisphere

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14
Q

What is the retina-geniculate-striate system?

A

where information goes from the retina to the lateral geniculate nuclear (LGN) to then the striate cortex

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15
Q

What is the primary visual cortex?

A

striate cortex

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16
Q

What are the 2 parallel paths from retina to visual cortex?

A

parvocellular
magnocellular

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17
Q

What is the parvocellular path?

A

sensitive to colour
most inept comes from cones

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18
Q

What is the magnocellular path?

A

sensitive to motion
most input comes from rods

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19
Q

What does Zeki’s functional specialisation theory discuss?

A

areas of the visual cortex in brain
assumed colour, motion, form are processed in anatomically separate areas

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20
Q

Zeki: areas of visual cortex

A

V1 and V2
V3 and V3A
V4
V5

21
Q

What is V1 and V2?

A

basic early stage of visual processing
responsive to colour and form

22
Q

What is V3 and V3A?

A

respond to motion and form perception

23
Q

What is V4?

A

colour and shape perception

24
Q

What is V5?

A

visual motion
referred to as MT in humans

25
Q

What is LOC?

A

object perception

26
Q

What is OFA?

A

face perception

27
Q

What is a strength and weakness of Zeki’s theory?

A

ambitious and influential
more complex than assumed as V1 is connected to at least 50 other areas

28
Q

What is Milner and Goodale’s perception-action model?

A

believe there is 2 visual pathways
ventral stream and dorsal stream

29
Q

What is the ventral stream?

A

the “what” system
vision for perception (controls perception)

30
Q

What is the dorsal stream?

A

the “where” pathway
Vision for action
(controls action)

31
Q

What are 4 differences between ventral and dorsal system?

A

ventral = allocentric, conscious, extension of parvocellular pathway, temporal lobes

dorsal = egocentric, unconscious, extension of magnocellular pathway, parietal lobes

32
Q

What does allocentric mean?

A

object centred

33
Q

What does egocentric mean?

A

body centred

34
Q

Visual illusions: Muller-Iyer Illusion

A

vertical lines actually being the same length

35
Q

Muller-Iyer illusion findings

A

when pointing as a response to which line is longer (use vision for action) illusion size was 5.5%
when verbalising a response (vision for perception) illusion size was 22.4%
illusion requires ventral over dorsal

36
Q

What are the strengths and limitations of Milner and Goodale’s theory?

A

influential approach
But there are 2 dorsal systems (dorso-dorsal and ventro-dorsal)

37
Q

What does hue mean?

A

the colour itself

38
Q

What does saturation mean?

A

amount of white present
determine if it’s vivid or pale

39
Q

What is the dual process theory?

A

states there are 3 types of cones:
red = long wavelengths
green = medium
blue = short

40
Q

What does colour constancy mean?

A

perceived colour remains the same despite changes in wavelength in light source
objects have intrinsic colour

41
Q

What does chromatic adaptation mean?

A

refers to when sensitivity to illuminant (light source) of any given colour decreases over time

42
Q

What is retinex theory?

A

observers compare light reflected from a surface against that reflected from opposite surfaces

43
Q

What cues are used in depth perception?

A

monocular cues (using only one eye)

44
Q

What is interposition?

A

where nearer objects hide part of a more distant one

45
Q

What does size constancy mean?

A

object is still perceived as having the same size when presented at different viewpoints

46
Q

What is the size distance invariance hypothesis?

A

perceived size is proportional (equivalent) to retinal size and perceived distance

47
Q

What is blindsight?

A

ability to respond to visual stimuli without conscious visual experience or awareness

48
Q

What is type 1 blindsight?

A

no conscious experience

49
Q

What is type 2 blindsight?

A

some residual awareness

Brain and Cognition (15 decks)

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