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Brain and Cognition > Cognition and Emotion > Flashcards

Cognition and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 differences between emotions and moods?

A

emotions are short lasting, intense, caused by specific event
moods are long lasting, not as intense, reason for mood often unclear

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2
Q

What is valence?

A

emotional value e.g positivity or negativity

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3
Q

Izard (2007): categorical approach to emotions

A

argue there are a number of distinct emotions such as:
- happiness
- anger
- fear
- disgust
-sadness

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4
Q

Barrett and Russell (1998): dimensional approach

A

scale is a circle
arousal on one end, sleep on opposite
high positive / negative versus low positive and negative affect

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5
Q

What is cognitive appraisal?

A

the interpretation of emotional states in a given situation
e.g when we experience emotional state and what state we are in

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6
Q

Lazarus: 3 forms of appraisal

A
  • primary appraisal
  • secondary appraisal
  • reappraisal
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7
Q

What is primary appraisal?

A

where environmental situational is regarded as positive, stressful or irrelevant

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8
Q

What is secondary appraisal?

A

where person finds resources available to help cope with situation

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9
Q

What is reappraisal?

A

stimulus situation and coping strategies are monitored

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10
Q

Lazarus: 2 appraisal processes

A
  • automatic
  • conscious / deliberate
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11
Q

Smith and Lazarus (1993): 6 appraisal components

A

primary:
- motivational relevance
- motivational congruence
secondary:
- accountability
- problem focused coping
- emotion focused coping
- future expectancy

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12
Q

Kuppens et al (2003)

A

any given emotion can be produced by various combinations of appraisals

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13
Q

Speisman et al (1964)

A

manipulating cognitive appraisal results in physiological differences

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14
Q

What is the issue / concern with research on appraisal theories?

A

tends to include hypothetical scenarios
means little or no genuine emotion is experienced
difficult to tell is emotion occurs directly from scenario or indirectly from appraisal
data is correlational

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15
Q

What is a strength of appraisal theories?

A

can partially explain individual differences in emotional experiences

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16
Q

What are some methods of mood regulation?

A

cognitive appraisal
controlled breathing
progressive muscle relaxation
stress induced eating
distraction

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17
Q

Gross and Thompsons (2007) process model of emotion regulation

A

assumption that emotion regulation straggles can be used at various points in time
most effective strategy is cognitive change

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18
Q

What are the 5 emotion regulation strategies in Gross and Thompsons (2007) model?

A

situation selection
situation modification
attention deployment
cognitive change
response modulation

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19
Q

What is attention deployment?

A

distracting oneself from stress inducing thoughts

20
Q

Van Dillen and Koole (2007): attention deployment evidence

A

found overwhelming the limited working memory capacity (through distraction) leaves little room to process negative emotional information

21
Q

Ochsner and Gross: 2 types of reappraisal strategies

A
  • reinterpretation (changing meaning of context where stimulus is shown)
  • distancing (taking detached, 3rd person perspective)
22
Q

How would you describe attention and memory?

A

as being intrinsically intertwined

23
Q

Easterbrook: tunnel vision

A

scope of attention is narrower with negative mood

24
Q

What is mood congruity?

A

where people tend to recall negative memories while in a negative mood and happy memories when in a happy mood

25
Q

What is mood-state-dependent memory?

A

memory performance is better when individuals mood state is same at learning and retrieval

26
Q

What are integral emotions?

A

emotions elicited by making judgements or decisions

27
Q

What are incidental emotions?

A

emotions experienced during a judgment / decisions that are unrelated to the situation
not directly related to decision making but has an impact on it

28
Q

What is the misery-is-not-miserly effect?

A

the tendency for sad individuals to be willing to pay more

29
Q

What is myopic misery?

A

when misery leads to excessive focus on replacing lost rewards

30
Q

What type of people are more likely to use heuristics processing strategies?

A

happy people over sad people

31
Q

Eysenck, Payne and Santos (2006)

A

past losses are associated mainly with depression
future threats are associated with anxiety

32
Q

What are 4 types of cognitive biases?

A
  • attentional bias
  • interpretative bias
  • explicit memory bias
  • implicit memory bias
33
Q

What is attentional bias?

A

selective attention to threat-related stimuli presented at same time as neutral stimuli

34
Q

What are 2 attentional biases tasks?

A
  • dot probe task (detect the dot that replaces either emotional or neutral face)
  • emotion stroop task (name the colour in which words are printed as quickly as possible)
35
Q

What is interpretive bias?

A

tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli and situations as threatening

36
Q

What is explicit memory bias?

A

tendency to retrieve mostly negative information on explicit memory tests

37
Q

What is implicit memory bias?

A

tendency to exhibit better performance for negative information on an implicit memory test

38
Q

What is aphantasia?

A

absence of mental imagery
inability to visualise
(also called image free thinking)

39
Q

What test can be used to investigate how imagining emotional stimuli can affect physiological response?

A

skin conductance

40
Q

Holmes et al (2009): imagery…

A

imagery can heighten negative emotions

41
Q

Wicken et al: aphantasia and emotion study

A

In imagined condition, read stories that were either neutral or scary
Ppts with typical imagery had increased skin sweat response
Ppts with aphantasia had same level as baseline measure

42
Q

Keogh et al (2023): ppts with aphantasia…

A

ppts with aphantasia have fewer visual intrusions

43
Q

Out of individuals who have tried CBT, how many imagers and how many aphants found it effective?

A

80% imagers
61% of aphants

44
Q

If type of CBT has elects of visual imagery, what percentage of aphants found it effective?

A

50%

45
Q

If type of CBT has non-visual techniques, what percentage of aphants found it effective?

A

72%

Brain and Cognition (15 decks)

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