Speech and Reading Flashcards

1
Q

What does prosody mean?

A

the rhythm, stress and intonation of speech

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2
Q

What does lexicon mean?

A

vocab and knowledge of a language

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3
Q

What does discourse mean?

A

areas of written, spoken and signed communication whether informal or formal

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4
Q

What are the 6 types of grammar?

A

descriptive
pedagogical
reference
traditional
theoretical
prescriptive

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5
Q

What is descriptive grammar?

A

describes grammatical construction used in language

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6
Q

What is pedagogical grammar?

A

used for foreign or own language teaching

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7
Q

what is reference grammar?

A

comprehensive description of grammar

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8
Q

what is traditional grammar?

A

greek and roman grammar

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9
Q

what is theoretical grammar?

A

universals in human language

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10
Q

what is prescriptive grammar?

A

lays down rules for socially correct use of grammar

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11
Q

Is there a correct way to speak?

A

based on prescriptivism
rules of what is regarded as ‘good’ usage of language

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12
Q

What is the word order for the English language?

A

SVO
Subject, Verb, Object

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13
Q

What did Ogden and Richards find (semantics)?

A

found 16 meanings of the word ‘mean’
same words can mean very different things

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14
Q

What are 3 main processes involved in speech perception and comprehension?

A
  • phoneme
  • allophone (a variant from of phoneme)
  • grapheme (e.g ‘bb’ in word ‘rubber’)
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15
Q

What are the 2 brain areas which are specialised in language?

A

Broca’s area (speech production)
Wernicke’s area (speech comprehension)

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16
Q

Which hemisphere is more specialised for language?

A

left hemisphere

17
Q

What is the right hemisphere specialised in?

A

understanding rhythm
recognising emotion in tone of voice
understanding jokes

18
Q

What are 3 problems listeners have with speech signal?

A
  • segmentation
  • coarticulation
  • energetic masking
19
Q

Whta is segmentation?

A

dividing speech input into phonemes

20
Q

Mattys et al: hierarchical approach of segmentation

A

1- lexical (word knowledge)
2- segmental
3- metrical prosody (word stress)

21
Q

What is the McGurk effect?

A

videotape of someone saying ‘ba’
voice is actually repeatedly saying ‘ga’
ppts reported hearing ‘da’

22
Q

What is an interactionist views on context effects and speech perception?

A

say context effects influences early stages of speech perception

23
Q

What is an autonomous accounts view on context effects and speech perception?

A

say context influences late stages of speech perception after word recognition

24
Q

Warren and Warren: Phonemic restoration effect

A

people perceive missing sounds in a word when they’re masked by meaningless sounds like a sough
brain ‘fills in’ missing phoneme based on context
brain ability to use context to reconstruct incomplete auditory information

25
What is the Ganong effect?
when peoples interpretation of ambiguous speech sounds is influenced by real word knowledge
26
Reading involves what 3 forms of processing?
- orthography (word spellings) - phonology (word sound) - semantics (word meaning)
27
What are some methods to study reading?
eye tracking lexical decision tak
28
What did Cambridge university find about reading?
that doesn't matter what order the letters in a word are as long as the first and last letter are in the right place you can read it
29
What is the word superiority effect?
a phenomenon that people can recognise letters better than they are in words rather than as isolated letters
30
McClelland and Rumelhart: interactive activation model
describes how perception is the result of the interactions between detectors for visual features, letters and words
31
What are some strengths of the interactive activation model?
- influential computer model - shows how top down and bottom up processes combine to help us perceive something - predicts word superiority effect
32
What are some weaknesses of the interactive activation model?
- ignores role of meaning and context in word recognition - doesn't consider phonological processing - doesn't account for longer words