Speech and Reading

Question 1

What does prosody mean?

Answer 1

the rhythm, stress and intonation of speech

Question 2

What does lexicon mean?

Answer 2

vocab and knowledge of a language

Question 3

What does discourse mean?

Answer 3

areas of written, spoken and signed communication whether informal or formal

Question 4

What are the 6 types of grammar?

Answer 4

descriptive
pedagogical
reference
traditional
theoretical
prescriptive

Question 5

What is descriptive grammar?

Answer 5

describes grammatical construction used in language

Question 6

What is pedagogical grammar?

Answer 6

used for foreign or own language teaching

Question 7

what is reference grammar?

Answer 7

comprehensive description of grammar

Question 8

what is traditional grammar?

Answer 8

greek and roman grammar

Question 9

what is theoretical grammar?

Answer 9

universals in human language

Question 10

what is prescriptive grammar?

Answer 10

lays down rules for socially correct use of grammar

Question 11

Is there a correct way to speak?

Answer 11

based on prescriptivism
rules of what is regarded as ‘good’ usage of language

Question 12

What is the word order for the English language?

Answer 12

SVO
Subject, Verb, Object

Question 13

What did Ogden and Richards find (semantics)?

Answer 13

found 16 meanings of the word ‘mean’
same words can mean very different things

Question 14

What are 3 main processes involved in speech perception and comprehension?

Answer 14

• phoneme
• allophone (a variant from of phoneme)
• grapheme (e.g ‘bb’ in word ‘rubber’)

Question 15

What are the 2 brain areas which are specialised in language?

Answer 15

Broca’s area (speech production)
Wernicke’s area (speech comprehension)

Question 16

Which hemisphere is more specialised for language?

Answer 16

left hemisphere

Question 17

What is the right hemisphere specialised in?

Answer 17

understanding rhythm
recognising emotion in tone of voice
understanding jokes

Question 18

What are 3 problems listeners have with speech signal?

Answer 18

• segmentation
• coarticulation
• energetic masking

Question 19

Whta is segmentation?

Answer 19

dividing speech input into phonemes

Question 20

Mattys et al: hierarchical approach of segmentation

Answer 20

1- lexical (word knowledge)
2- segmental
3- metrical prosody (word stress)

Question 21

What is the McGurk effect?

Answer 21

videotape of someone saying ‘ba’
voice is actually repeatedly saying ‘ga’
ppts reported hearing ‘da’

Question 22

What is an interactionist views on context effects and speech perception?

Answer 22

say context effects influences early stages of speech perception

Question 23

What is an autonomous accounts view on context effects and speech perception?

Answer 23

say context influences late stages of speech perception after word recognition

Question 24

Warren and Warren: Phonemic restoration effect

Answer 24

people perceive missing sounds in a word when they’re masked by meaningless sounds like a sough
brain ‘fills in’ missing phoneme based on context
brain ability to use context to reconstruct incomplete auditory information

Question 25

What is the Ganong effect?

Answer 25

when peoples interpretation of ambiguous speech sounds is influenced by real word knowledge

Question 26

Reading involves what 3 forms of processing?

Answer 26

• orthography (word spellings)
• phonology (word sound)
• semantics (word meaning)

Question 27

What are some methods to study reading?

Answer 27

eye tracking
lexical decision tak

Question 28

What did Cambridge university find about reading?

Answer 28

that doesn’t matter what order the letters in a word are
as long as the first and last letter are in the right place you can read it

Question 29

What is the word superiority effect?

Answer 29

a phenomenon that people can recognise letters better than they are in words rather than as isolated letters

Question 30

McClelland and Rumelhart: interactive activation model

Answer 30

describes how perception is the result of the interactions between detectors for visual features, letters and words

Question 31

What are some strengths of the interactive activation model?

Answer 31

• influential computer model
• shows how top down and bottom up processes combine to help us perceive something
• predicts word superiority effect

Question 32

What are some weaknesses of the interactive activation model?

Answer 32

• ignores role of meaning and context in word recognition
• doesn’t consider phonological processing
• doesn’t account for longer words