Speech and Reading Flashcards
What does prosody mean?
the rhythm, stress and intonation of speech
What does lexicon mean?
vocab and knowledge of a language
What does discourse mean?
areas of written, spoken and signed communication whether informal or formal
What are the 6 types of grammar?
descriptive
pedagogical
reference
traditional
theoretical
prescriptive
What is descriptive grammar?
describes grammatical construction used in language
What is pedagogical grammar?
used for foreign or own language teaching
what is reference grammar?
comprehensive description of grammar
what is traditional grammar?
greek and roman grammar
what is theoretical grammar?
universals in human language
what is prescriptive grammar?
lays down rules for socially correct use of grammar
Is there a correct way to speak?
based on prescriptivism
rules of what is regarded as ‘good’ usage of language
What is the word order for the English language?
SVO
Subject, Verb, Object
What did Ogden and Richards find (semantics)?
found 16 meanings of the word ‘mean’
same words can mean very different things
What are 3 main processes involved in speech perception and comprehension?
- phoneme
- allophone (a variant from of phoneme)
- grapheme (e.g ‘bb’ in word ‘rubber’)
What are the 2 brain areas which are specialised in language?
Broca’s area (speech production)
Wernicke’s area (speech comprehension)
Which hemisphere is more specialised for language?
left hemisphere
What is the right hemisphere specialised in?
understanding rhythm
recognising emotion in tone of voice
understanding jokes
What are 3 problems listeners have with speech signal?
- segmentation
- coarticulation
- energetic masking
Whta is segmentation?
dividing speech input into phonemes
Mattys et al: hierarchical approach of segmentation
1- lexical (word knowledge)
2- segmental
3- metrical prosody (word stress)
What is the McGurk effect?
videotape of someone saying ‘ba’
voice is actually repeatedly saying ‘ga’
ppts reported hearing ‘da’
What is an interactionist views on context effects and speech perception?
say context effects influences early stages of speech perception
What is an autonomous accounts view on context effects and speech perception?
say context influences late stages of speech perception after word recognition
Warren and Warren: Phonemic restoration effect
people perceive missing sounds in a word when they’re masked by meaningless sounds like a sough
brain ‘fills in’ missing phoneme based on context
brain ability to use context to reconstruct incomplete auditory information
What is the Ganong effect?
when peoples interpretation of ambiguous speech sounds is influenced by real word knowledge
Reading involves what 3 forms of processing?
- orthography (word spellings)
- phonology (word sound)
- semantics (word meaning)
What are some methods to study reading?
eye tracking
lexical decision tak
What did Cambridge university find about reading?
that doesn’t matter what order the letters in a word are
as long as the first and last letter are in the right place you can read it
What is the word superiority effect?
a phenomenon that people can recognise letters better than they are in words rather than as isolated letters
McClelland and Rumelhart: interactive activation model
describes how perception is the result of the interactions between detectors for visual features, letters and words
What are some strengths of the interactive activation model?
- influential computer model
- shows how top down and bottom up processes combine to help us perceive something
- predicts word superiority effect
What are some weaknesses of the interactive activation model?
- ignores role of meaning and context in word recognition
- doesn’t consider phonological processing
- doesn’t account for longer words
