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Microbiology (2060) > Viruses, Viroids, and Prions > Flashcards

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Virus is Latin for

A

Poison

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2
Q

What is the term for a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche?

A

Viral species

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3
Q

What was the first virus to be studied?

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

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4
Q

What type of microscope must be used to study viruses?

A

Electron microscope

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5
Q

What is the term for a completely developed viral particle?

A

Virion

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6
Q

Morbidity means

A

Sickness

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7
Q

Mortality means

A

Death

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8
Q

What is the term for the study of viruses?

A

Virology

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9
Q

What type of viruses can mutate and cause cancer?

A

Oncogenic viruses

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10
Q

What is a capsid?

A

The protein coat the surrounds the virus’ genetic material

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11
Q

Capsids are made of individual

A

Capsomeres

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12
Q

Where is the viral envelope found?

A

Outside the capsid

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13
Q

What structures of a virus help it attach to a host cell?

A

Spike proteins

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14
Q

What virus is responsible for 5-10% of upper respiratory infections in children, is non enveloped, and has a DNA genome?

A

Adenovirus

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15
Q

Does herpes have an envelope?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Does chicken pox have an envelope?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Does mononucleosis have an envelope?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Does West Nile virus have an envelope?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Does rabies have an envelope?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Does Hepatitis C have an envelope?

A

Yes

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21
Q

Does Influenza have an envelope?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Do mumps have an envelope?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Do measles have an envelope?

A

Yes

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23
Q

Does HIV have an envelope?

A

Yes

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24
Q

How is viral morphology determined?

A

Shape of the capsid

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25
Q

Name 3 viruses that have a helical capsid morphology

A

Ebola virus, rabies virus, and Influenza

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26
Q

What are the 3 types of capsid morphology?

A

Helical, polyhedral, and complex

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27
Q

What does icosahedron mean?

A

A polyhedral virus having 20 sides

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28
Q

What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the US?

A

Noroviruses

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29
Q

West nile, norovirus, adenovirus, poliovirus, HHV, and Zika virus are all examples of what capsid morphology?

A

Icosahedron

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30
Q

Give 2 examples of viruses that have a complex capsid morphology

A

Bacteriophages and pox viruses

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31
Q

What two conditions can pox virus cause?

A

Smallpox and cowpox

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32
Q

What virus is used to immunize against smallpox?

A

Vaccinia virus

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33
Q

What percentage of the US population suffers from a viral disease each year?

A

90%

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34
Q

What are the 5 steps in viral replication?

A

Attachment, entry/penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, release

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35
Q

What part of the virus will connect with the receptor of the surface of the host cell?

A

Capsid spike

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36
Q

What are the two replication cycles that viruses can perform?

A

Lytic and Lysogenic

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37
Q

Describe the lytic cycle

A

Virus infects a cell, reproduces, and the cell dies when the virus is released

38
Q

Describe the lysogenic cycle

A

Virus infects a cell, becomes part of the host cell’s DNA, host cell replicates with viral genome still inside- eventually one of those cells will enter the lytic cycle

39
Q

All viruses can reproduce via the ______ cycle but only some can reproduce via the ________ cycle

A

Lytic; lysogenic

40
Q

What did Esther Lederberg discover?

A

The lysogenic method of replication

41
Q

What toxin is produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

Diphtheria toxin

42
Q

What toxin is produced by Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Erythrogenic toxin

43
Q

What toxin is produced by Clostridium botulinum?

A

Botulinum toxin

44
Q

What toxin is produced by Vibrio cholerae?

A

Cholera toxin

45
Q

What are the two methods that viruses can use to penetrate a host cell?

A

Endocytosis and membrane fussion

46
Q

How to naked viruses exit a cell?

A

Lysis or exocytosis

47
Q

How to enveloped viruses exit a cell?

A

Budding

48
Q

What is the difference between the way a DNA virus replicated vs a RNA virus?

A

DNA viruses must go through replication, transcription, and translation
RNA viruses must only complete translation

49
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that retroviruses rely on to help them turn their RNA into DNA?

A

Reverse transcriptase

50
Q

What type of virus is and RNA virus and transforms its RNA into bacterial DNA?

A

Retrovirus

51
Q

What method do we use to culture viruses in the lab?

A

Plaque method on a solid culture medium

52
Q

What is the term for meaning “in a living organism?”

A

In vivo

53
Q

What is the term for meaning “not in a living organism?”

A

In vitro

54
Q

What is the most common method of animal virus cultivation?

A

Cell culture

55
Q

What are the three formations of cell lines that animal viruses can be cultured in?

A

Primary, diploid, and continuous

56
Q

What are the famous cells that came a woman with cervical cancer?

A

HeLa cells

57
Q

How will transformed or infected cells will grow?

A

In a pile

58
Q

What do we look for under a microscope to know that there is viral growth?

A

Cytopathic effects

59
Q

What is the term for when multiple host cells fuse and create one big cell with multiple nuclei?

A

Syncytia

60
Q

The presence of _______ _______ can indicate that a virus has replicated

A

Inclusion bodies

61
Q

What are the 3 methods used to detect a virus in a clinical sample?

A

PCR, FA technique, and Serology

62
Q

What are the y-shaped proteins that bind to antigens?

A

Antibodies

63
Q

What type of virus causes Burkitt’s lymphoma?

A

Epstein Barr Virus

64
Q

Where is EBV most common?

A

West africa

65
Q

What virus causes lymph nodes, affected jaw, and can affect the nervous system?

A

Epstein Barr virus (EBV)

66
Q

What virus can cause vaginal warts and cervical cancer?

A

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

67
Q

What is the term for a virus that can stay dormant in the body and present at a later time?

A

Latent virus

68
Q

What virus causes chickenpox?

A

Varicella zoster virus (VZV)

69
Q

What is the latent form of VZV?

A

Shingles

70
Q

What is the new shingles vaccine that can be given at age 50?

A

Shingrix

71
Q

What is the latent virus that can affect the mouth (causing cold sores) or the genitals (causing genital sores)?

A

Simplex virus (HHV)

72
Q

What strain of the simplex virus affects the mouth?

A

HHV-1

73
Q

What strain of the simplex virus affects the genitals?

A

HHV-2

74
Q

Measles is also known as

A

Rubeola

75
Q

German measles is also known as

A

Rubella

76
Q

Which strain of measles is more severe?

A

Rubeola

77
Q

What are the spots found in the mouth that are caused by Rubeola?

A

Koplik’s spots

78
Q

How is measles transmitted?

A

Respiratory droplets

79
Q

What is the term meaning that enough people have been vaccinated that case numbers are low enough that some people do not need to be vaccinated?

A

Herd immunity

80
Q

What is R0?

A

The number of new cases that stem from one infected individual- tells the reproductive rate of a virus

81
Q

If the R0 value is higher, the threshold for herd immunity must be ______

A

Higher

82
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Influenza virus?

A

H and N

83
Q

What does the H in the Influenza virus type stand for?

A

Hemagglutinin

84
Q

What does the N in the Influenza virus type stand for?

A

Neuraminidase

85
Q

What is the circular RNA molecule with single and double stranded sections that typically only infects animals?

A

Viroid

86
Q

What is the only condition in humans known to be caused partially by a viroid?

A

Hepatitis D

87
Q

What is the term for abnormally folded proteins that can cause disease?

A

Prions

88
Q

Where are prion diseases commonly found?

A

In the brain

89
Q

What is the condition that shows holes in the brain tissue?

A

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

90
Q

What is the most common type of spongiform disease?

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

91
Q

What is the only way to kill a prion?

A

Very high heat incineration

92
Q
A
93
Q

What is the term for when phage DNA is incorporated into the host cell’s DNA?

A

lysogeny

Microbiology (2060) (11 decks)

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