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Microbiology (2060) > Principles of Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the term for the cause of a disease?

A

Etiology

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2
Q

What is the term for how a disease develops?

A

Pathogenesis

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3
Q

What is the term for microorganisms that can cause disease?

A

Pathogens

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4
Q

What is the term for things that increase a pathogen’s ability to make you sick and cause disease?

A

Virulence factors

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5
Q

What is the term for the first step in microbial interaction when the immune system is working to get rid of a pathogen but no cell damage has occured?

A

Infection

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6
Q

What is the term for the progression of infection where cell damage occurs and the immune system has failed to clear out the pathogen?

A

Disease

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7
Q

What is the term for a location where something is not normally found?

A

Ectopic site

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8
Q

What is the term for certain microbes that are present for a short amount of time?

A

Transient microbiota

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9
Q

What is a newborn’s first contact with microbes?

A

Vaginobacillus at birth

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10
Q

What percent of our cells are human?

A

10%

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11
Q

Is the majority of our microbiota aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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12
Q

What is the term for normal microbiota preventing the growth of harmful microbes?

A

Microbial antagonism or competitive exclusion

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13
Q

What bacteria is commonly found in the vagina and aids in microbial antagonism?

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus

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14
Q

What is the term for the relationship between two organisms?

A

Symbiosis

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of symbiosis?

A

Commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism

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16
Q

Describe commensalism

A

One organism benefits and one is unaffected

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17
Q

Describe parasitism

A

One organism benefits and one is harmed

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18
Q

Describe mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

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19
Q

What is the term for live microbial cultures that improve health by promoting beneficial normal flora?

A

Probiotics

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20
Q

What is the term for a substance that contains things that act as food for probiotics?

A

Prebiotics

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21
Q

What is a common treatment for C. difficile?

A

Fecal transplant/fecal bacteriotherapy

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22
Q

What is the method that is sprayed on baby chicks to help prevent salmonella?

A

Preempt

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23
Q

Name 4 opportunistic pathogens

A

N. meningitidis, P. jirovecii, E. coli, and S. pneumoniae

24
Q

What is the term for any disease that spreads from one host to another?

A

Communicable disease

25
Q

What is the term for a specific group of signs or symptoms that accompanies a particular disease?

A

Syndrome

26
Q

What is the term for an infection that is widespread throughout the body and must be assumed to be in all organs?

A

Systemic infection

27
Q

What is the term for the presence of viruses in the blood?

A

Viremia

28
Q

What is the term for the presence of bacteria in the blood?

A

Bacteriemia

29
Q

What is the term for a subclinical infection that does not cause any noticeable illness?

A

Inapparent infection

30
Q

What is the term for transmission of a disease by a medium such as water, food, air, or fungal spores?

A

Vehicle transmission

31
Q

What is the term for an infection that affects only one body part or organ?

A

Local infection

32
Q

What is the term for changes in body function that are not apparent to the observer?

A

Symptoms

33
Q

What is the term for the presence of toxins in the blood?

A

Toxemia

34
Q

What is the term for an illness that may recur if immunity weakens due to continued presence of the causative agent after the initial disease?

A

Latent infection

35
Q

What is the term for a disease that rapidly makes a person ill, but only lasts for a short amount of time (usually 3 months or less)?

A

Acute disease/infection

36
Q

What is the term for changes that a healthcare professional can observe and measure?

A

Signs

37
Q

What is the term for an infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen after a primary infection has weakened the body’s defenses?

A

Secondary infection

38
Q

What is the term for the systemic infection arising from the multiplication of bacteria in the blood?

A

Septicemia

39
Q

What is the term for the scientific study of disease?

A

Pathology

40
Q

What is the term for passive transport of pathogens on an insect’s feet or body?

A

Mechanical transmission

41
Q

What is the term for the transmission of a pathogen through an active process such as a bite?

A

Biological transmission

42
Q

What is the term for an illness that recurs or persists over a long period of time?

A

Chronic

43
Q

What is the term for an acute infection that causes an initial illness?

A

Primary infection

44
Q

What is the term for the new cases of a disease?

A

Incidence

45
Q

What is the term for a disease that cannot be acquired from another person?

A

Noncommunicable disease

45
Q

What is the term for the total number of cases of a disease?

A

Prevalence

46
Q

What are the 5 stages of disease?

A

Incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, and convalescence

47
Q

What stages of disease are infectious?

A

All of them

48
Q

What is the term for a disease that is a direct result of the actions of a healthcare worker?

A

Iatrogenic disease

49
Q

What percentage of people acquire a nosocomial infection as a result of a hospital stay?

A

5-15%

49
Q

What is the term for a disease that is acquired as a result of a hospital stay?

A

Nosocomial infection

50
Q

What are the 3 interrelated factors that contribute to nosocomial infections?

A

Compromised host, microorganisms in a hospital, and chain of transmission

51
Q

Name 4 major nosocomial infections

A

P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, E. coli and S. aureus

52
Q

What are the top 3 sites of nosocomial infections?

A

UTI, surgical site, and lower respiratory

53
Q

What is the term for diseases that are new or changing and show an increase in incidence in the recent past or potential increase in the near future?

A

Emerging infectious diseases

54
Q

What is the term for a disease that physicians are required to report ot the US public health service?

A

Notifiable infectious diseases

55
Q

What is the MMWR?

A

Morbidity and mortality weekly report- put out by the CDC

Microbiology (2060) (11 decks)

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