Viruses Transmitted by Fecal-Oral Route

Question 1

What type of virus is adenovirus?

Answer 1

naked, dsDNA

Question 2

Where does adenovirus replicate?

Answer 2

mostly replicates in GI but don’t produce GI symptoms (except 40, 41 do)

Question 3

How is adenovirus spread?

Answer 3

• fecal/orally
• respiratory spread

Question 4

Is adenovirus symptomatic?

Answer 4

50% asymptomatic

Question 5

What adenovirus are seen in military and can cause respiratory illnesses?

Answer 5

adenovirus 4 and 7
- so a live adenovirus 4 and 7 vaccine is given in military

Question 6

T/F: Eye infections in adenovirus are highly contagious

Answer 6

True!
- follicular conjunctivitis
- pink eye
- easily spread person-to-person

Question 7

What type of virus is reovirus: rotavirus?

Answer 7

naked, dsRNA, segmented with 11 segments, icosahedral

Question 8

What is rotavirus stable in?

Answer 8

• detergents
• stomach acid
• resistant to drying; last on surface for days
• wide range of temperatures
  true for all naked viruses

Question 9

How is rotavirus spread?

Answer 9

fecal/orally

Question 10

Who does rotavirus infect?

Answer 10

• children under 5: severe
• adults are usually asymptomatic

Question 11

What are symptoms of rotavirus?

Answer 11

diarrhea/vomiting
(severe gastroenteritis)

Question 12

T/F: Rotavirus has a long incubation

Answer 12

False!
it’s a local infection and incubation is 1 to 3 days)

Question 13

What type of vaccine is used for rotavirus?

Answer 13

• live attenuate viral vaccine for childhood immunizations
• rotateq: 5 strains reasserted with bovine strain

Question 14

What type of virus is calicivirdae: norovirus?

Answer 14

naked, +ssRNA, icosahedral

Question 15

T/F: Norovirus is very infectious.

Answer 15

True!
- 10 particles can cause infection
- estimated to have 5 norovirus infections in a lifetime

Question 16

Who does norovirus infect?

Answer 16

infects and can cause disease in all ages

Question 17

What is the vaccine for norovirus?

Answer 17

None

Question 18

What is the incubation time for norovrius?

Answer 18

• short because local infection
• 24-48 hours

Question 19

Which is the worst virus in regards to dehydration in kids?

Answer 19

rotovirus out of all the other gastroenteritis viruses

Question 20

19 year old had gastroenteritis a month Geoff entering basic training and then had a bad respiratory infection. What are the 2 most likely viruses causing 1st/2nd infection?

Answer 20

• 1st: norovirus (because gastroenteritis in adult)
• 2nd: adenovirus (because bad respiratory infection)

Question 21

What is the Picornavirus family? PERCH with 2 E’s

Answer 21

• polio
• entero
• echo
• rhino
• coxsackie
• HAV
  icosahedral, naked, +ssRNA

Question 22

What type of virus is picornavirus?

Answer 22

+ssRNA, naked, icosahedral, small (20-30nM)

Question 23

What is the pathway of the enterovirus infections of piconorvarius?

Answer 23

• replicate in respiratory tract and GI tract
• enter blood and go to target organs
• IgG in blood can prevent virus from entering the blood and from going to target organs to prevent the severe consequences- can only happen if you have IgG antibodies against the virus

Question 24

What is the seasonality of Picornarvirus?

Answer 24

summer/early fall

Question 25

T/F: infants used to be routinely infected with polio but had the maternal antibodies protected them from spread of virus and led to lifelong immunity

Answer 25

True! - Now that we have better hygiene though, there are fewer infections and maternal antibodies so child/adult can be exposed to polio with no protection

Question 26

How common are patient asymptomatic with polio?

Answer 26

75-90%

Question 27

What are the extreme symptomatic cases involved in Polio?

Answer 27

- ~1 paralytic poliomyelitis - traveled through motor neurons to anterior horn and killed the cells there giving limb paralysis - although uncommon, 3,000 deaths occurred from this in the '50s

Question 28

What are the 2 vaccines for polio?

Answer 28

- Salk/inactivated polio vaccine: prevent polio and can not get polio with this vaccine. BUT can not prevent wild type polio. For IgG response - Sabin/Oral attenuated virus polio vaccine: prevent polio completely BUT has a chance of getting polio from this vaccine. For IgG and mucosal IgA. excreted in feces

Question 29

T/F: There are more cases of vaccine induced polio than with wild-type

Answer 29

True! - due to population not having full vaccine coverage and the attenuated strain replicates in the population

Question 30

Which polio vaccine would be shed in the stool and potentially spread to other people (Salk vs Sabin)?

Answer 30

Sabin (oral polio vaccine) because it's a live attenuated vaccine that replicates in the gut and is excreted

Question 31

What is the #1 cause of viral meningitis?

Answer 31

enteroviruses - echovirus, enterovirus, coxsackievirus A, coxsackievirus B can also cause meningitis

Question 32

What is cause of hand, foot, mouth disease AND herpangina?

Answer 32

coxsackievirus A

Question 33

What is the cause of Myocarditis/pericarditis?

Answer 33

coxsackievirus B - starts as a respiratory infection

Question 34

What is the usual cause of generalized infection of infants?

Answer 34

- If the mother has an enter viral infection during the last week of pregnancy OR if newborn gets an enteroviral infection shortly after birth - this virus can spread to multiple organs with a high mortality rate

Question 35

What is a key characteristic of rhinovirus?

Answer 35

- rhinovirus is a pico virus but can NOT be transmitted by the fecal-oral route. - And low pHs inactivate the virus

Question 36

What is the #1 cause of the common cold?

Answer 36

rhinovirus

Question 37

T/F: Enterovirus can also cause respiratory infections

Answer 37

True!