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Test 4: Virology > Viral Immunology and Vaccines > Flashcards

Viral Immunology and Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 barriers discussed in regards to infection?

A
  • physical barriers (skin, mucus, stomach acidity)
  • antimicrobial products
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2
Q

What are the first innate immune responses?

A
  • interferons first to tell body that infection is occurring
  • NK cells to kill infected cells stopping viral spread
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3
Q

How are interferons activated?

A
  • pattern recognition receptors recognize viral RNA/DNA in an infected cell and stimulate type 1 interferon
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4
Q

T/F: Viruses have evolved and reduced type 1 interferon response.

A

True!
These viruses that inhibit the IFN response are typically the ones that make you the sickest

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5
Q

What do interferons do?

A
  • activate anti-viral genes/proteins
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6
Q

T/F: interferon can act as an antiviral treatment.

A

True!
- they can make you very sick though
- only about 30% effective

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7
Q

What happens with MHC 1 in regards to viruses?

A
  • some viruses can down regulate MHC 1 to avoid killing from cytotoxic T cells
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8
Q

T/F: Macrophages and DC are important for innate immunity only.

A

False!
They’re important for both innate and adaptive immunity and bridging them together

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9
Q

What do DC do?

A
  • sample virus and induce type 1 interferon
  • produce cytokines
  • traffic to lymph node and start adaptive arm of immune response
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10
Q

What are CTL’s important for?

A
  • important in viral infection for infected cell killing
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11
Q

What are B cells important for in the adaptive immune response?

A
  • neutralizing antibody response
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12
Q

What do neutralizing antibodies do?

A
  • bind to surface of virus; specifically envelope glycoprotein in enveloped viruses or viral capsid protein in naked viruses
  • can not infect a cell but binds to surface of virus preventing virus from infecting a cell
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13
Q

What do viral antigens encountered in mucosa primary produce?

A

dimeric IgA

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14
Q

What do viral antigens encountered in blood primary produce?

A

IgG

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15
Q

What are ways viruses subvert the immune system?

A
  • escape neutralizing antibodies by antigenic drift
  • blocking type 1 INF response
  • down regulating MHC 1
  • killing immune cells like killing CD4 cells
  • staying latent/hiding
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16
Q

What happens if you encounter the same strain of virus again?

A
  • generally protected from reinfection due to long lived plasma cells and secreted antibodies
  • neutralizing antibodies are already present in mucosa and blood before re-encounter and they can actually go through another round of affinity maturation and end up with a better antibodies and higher levels
17
Q

If you encounter a different strain of the virus, what will happen?

A
  • usually have cross-protection meaning the new strain is recognized well by antibodies from previous strain with no new sickness
  • can also have partial cross-protection. antibodies will bind with lower affinity so can’t stop infection but get less sick
  • if no cross protection… likely a new infection to your body
18
Q

What is required for an effective vaccine?

A
  • neutralizing antibodies that respond to the virus
  • stimulate an immune response to prevent virus from infecting (attenuated virus or whole killed/inactivated virus or adjuvant that activates the immune system)
19
Q

What do adjuvants do?

A
  • you can add with a vaccine so you don’t have to add so much virus to the person to stimulate a response
20
Q

What types of vaccine need an adjuvant to stimulate the immune system?

A

subunit vaccine and inactivated

21
Q

Why do attenuated and whole killed viruses not require an adjuvant?

A
  • attenuated viruses replicate just enough to activate the immune system but not too much so the immune system can clear the virus before you get sick
22
Q

How is passive immunization with antibodies natural in babies?

A
  • IgG (from blood) is transferred to baby in third trimester and IgA (from mucosa) in colostrum and breast milk
23
Q

Why do babies have to wait a year to get MMR vaccine?

A
  • maternal antibodies can interfere with vaccination
24
Q

What viruses have attenuated live vaccines?

A
  • MMR
  • Varicella Zoster (chickenpox)
  • Rotavirus
  • Nasal Influenza Vaccine
  • Yellow fever vaccine
  • smallpox/mpox (vaccinia)
  • oral polio
  • military only-adeno type 4 and 7
  • adenovirus modified vaccines for coronavirus
25
Q

What viruses have inactivated vaccines?

A
  • polio vaccine
  • hep A vaccine
  • rabies vaccine
  • influenza vaccine
26
Q

What viruses have subunit vaccines?

A
  • HA only influenza vaccine
  • Hep B vaccine
  • human papilloma vaccine
  • new shingles vaccine
  • mRNA vaccines producing one or two viral proteins
27
Q

What viruses do we use immunoglobulin from healthy blood donors?

A
  • Hep A
  • measles
28
Q

What viruses do we use hyperimmune IgG from people with a high titer to a specific infection?

A
  • Hep B
  • rabies
  • chickenpox
  • CMV
  • vaccinia
29
Q

What do we use from monoclonal antibodies to which specific viruses?

A
  • RSV
  • SARS-CoV-2
30
Q

What are some viruses that it is possible to prevent infection after exposure by vaccination if done quickly?

A
  • Rabies vaccine with rabies immune globulin
  • Hep A vaccine
  • Hep B vaccine with Hep b immune globulin
  • smallpox
31
Q

What is herd immunity?

A
  • referring that spread requires contact between a non-immune/susceptible person and an infected person
  • lower # of non immune people= less chance of infection spreading
  • ultimately benefits non-immune people
32
Q

What antibody is found in mucosa?

A

dimeric IgA

Test 4: Virology (17 decks)

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