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Test 4: Virology > Paramyxovirus and Rubella > Flashcards

Paramyxovirus and Rubella Flashcards

1
Q

What type of virus is paramyxovirus?

A
  • negative sense single-stranded RNA virus
  • helical nucleocapsid
  • enveloped
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2
Q

How is paramyxovirus spread?

A
  • respiratory secretions
  • person to person
  • fomites
  • hands
    so, considered contagious virus
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3
Q

What are syncytia in paramyxovirus?

A
  • infected cell can fuse membranes of neighboring cells to form a large multinucleated cell
  • because of this, they can easily escape neutralizing antibodies
  • common feature of paramyxovirus
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4
Q

What is the spread and seasonality of respiratory syncopal virus (RSV)?

A
  • spread: person to person via respiratory droplets
  • seasonality: winter/spring (Nov to Apr)
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5
Q

Is RSV local or generalized reaction?

A

local
- no viremic stage (no virus in blood)
- short incubation time: 2 to 4 days and starts with an upper respiratory tract infection
- becomes more severe reaction (bronchiolitis or pneumonia) if spread to middle and lower respiratory tract

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6
Q

Where is RSV restricted to?

A
  • epithelial cells
  • spreads through respiratory tract mostly by cell to cell spread or aspiration of upper respiratory tract secretions
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7
Q

What is the #1 cause of lower respiratory tract infections in kids over 1 and 5 and primary cause of bronchiolitis in children over 1?

A

RSV

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8
Q

Who has a higher risk of severe complications with RSV?

A
  • premature infants due to under developed lungs and not as many maternal antibodies
  • people older than 65 due to waning immunity and underlying comorbidities
  • able to infect all ages
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9
Q

Is immunity to RSV long lasting?

A

No, it is not
- possible to get reinfected with the same strain

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10
Q

Why do older children/adults usually just have mild upper respiratory tract infections?

A
  • partial immunity
  • still get sick; just not as bad or asymptomatic
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11
Q

Who receives the vaccine for RSV?

A
  • people older than 60 and pregnant people (so maternal ab can spread to infant)
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12
Q

What are treatment options for RSV?

A
  • ribavirin (not very effective)
  • preventive treatment: Palivizumab which is a monoclonal antibody to surface protein of RSV (downside: expensive. only given to preterm infants)
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13
Q

What is Human Metapneumovirus?

A
  • another paramyxovirus which is similar to RSV but tends to infect slightly older kids
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14
Q

What is Parainfluenza virus?

A
  • another paramyxovirus: spread via respiratory droplets, local, short incubation time, similar to RSV
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15
Q

What is distinctive about Parainfluenza?

A
  • primary cause of croup (laryngotracheitis- inflammation of larynx and trachea)
  • seal like barking cough
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16
Q

What type of infection is mumps: generalized or local?

A
  • generalized/systemic
  • means longer incubation times, viremic stage, can affect several different parts of body
17
Q

How is mumps spread?

A

respiratory route via saliva

18
Q

What are major defining characteristics of mumps?

A
  • parotitis (swelling of parotid)
  • orchitis (testicular swelling) which can lead to lower fertility
  • unilateral hearing loss
19
Q

How soon is a person infectious before symptoms with Mumps?

A

2 days before symptoms and 5 days after

20
Q

Before the mumps vaccine, what was it a major cause of?

A

encephalitis and meningits

21
Q

What is the vaccine for Mumps?

A
  • part of MMR
  • attenuated live virus
  • outbreaks have been happening in adults and college age student even with a vaccine due to waning vaccine immunity/crowded living conditions but fewer complications with the vaccine
22
Q

What type of infection is Measles: generalized or local?

A
  • generalized
  • so, longer incubation and viremic stage
23
Q

How are measles spread?

A
  • respiratory route and can be aerosolized
  • very few are asymptomatic
24
Q

How soon is a person infectious with measles?

A

4 days before and 4 days after

25
Q

How many people who are in contact with someone who has measles will become infected?

A

90%

26
Q

What are the 3 C’s of measles?

A

symptoms: cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis with high fever

27
Q

What are Koplik spots in measles?

A
  • appear 1 to 2 days before rash and stay 1-2 days into the rash
  • know you have measles with these
  • located on buccal membrane and opposite of 2nd molars or can cover entire mucous membrane
  • “grains of sand/salt surrounded by red halo”
28
Q

What is the cause of Measles Rash?

A
  • cytotoxic T cells killing measle infected cells
  • rash may not be present in immunocompromised people
29
Q

What are some complications that can arise from measles?

A
  • pneumonia
  • encephalitis
  • rare: subacute sclerosis panencephalitis (years after measles infection) which can lead to come and death
30
Q

What type of vaccine is measles?

A
  • live attnuated
  • part of MMR
  • given at 1 year of age because if given earlier can interfere with maternal antibodies
31
Q

Is there post-exposure prophylaxis for measles?

A

Yes
- vaccine if given up to 72 hours may prevent disease
- immune globulin may prevent or modify disease if given up to 6 days after exposure (blood from regular blood donors bc assumed most people have antibodies to measles)

32
Q

What type of virus is rubella?

A
  • family: togavirus
  • +ssRNA
  • icosahedral
  • enveloped
  • inactivated the same way as paramyxoviruses
  • systemic infection
33
Q

What does Rubella cause?

A
  • German measles (3day measles)
  • congenital rubella syndrome
  • milder but same as measles symptoms but also with post-auricular lymphadenopathy
  • sometimes forchheimer spots on soft palate
34
Q

What is rubella spread by?

A

respiratory droplets

35
Q

When does Congenital Rubella Syndrome occur?

A
  • if infected during the 1st trimester of pregnancy up to 20 weeks
  • large outbreak in 60’s causing many neonatal deaths and congenital problems
36
Q

What type of vaccine is their for Rubella?

A
  • live attenuated
  • part of MMR

Test 4: Virology (17 decks)

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