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Microbiology Exam 3 > Viruses Part II > Flashcards

Viruses Part II Flashcards

Chapter 13

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 types of viruses? (host cell type)

A
  • Bacteriophage
  • Plant Viruses
  • Animal Viruses
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2
Q

What are primary cell lines?

A

Derived from tissues by enzymes (die after a couple of generations)

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3
Q

What are diploid cell lines?

A

Derived from human embryos (50-100 generations and then die)

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4
Q

What do viral genes code for? (3)

A
  • capsid
  • structural proteins
  • enzymes
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5
Q

What does the virus use host cell enzymes for? (3)

A
  • protein synthesis
  • energy production
  • ribosomes
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6
Q

Where do viruses replicate in?

A

ONLY inside a cell

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7
Q

What do viruses control when they invade a cell? (2)

A
  • metabolic machinery
  • replicative machinery
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8
Q

Describe the lytic cycle and give an example:

A
  • host cell is lysed after viral replication
  • T4 bacteriophage, Influenza Virus
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9
Q

Describe the lysogenic/latent cycle and give an example:

A
  • host cell stays alive after replication
  • viral genome integrated into host’s genome
  • lambda bacteriophage, retroviruses
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10
Q

What are the steps of the viral replication cycle in animal viruses? (6)

A
  • attachment/absorption
  • penetration/entry
  • uncoating
  • biosynthesis
  • maturation/assembly
  • release
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11
Q

How do viral particles attach to a host cell?

A

Via specific receptors on the host cell

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12
Q

What are the attachment sites of viral particles made of?

A

Spikes or fibers that bind to receptors

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13
Q

Describe the attachment sites for naked viruses

A

nucleocapsid

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14
Q

Describe the attachment sites for enveloped viruses

A

envelope on spikes

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15
Q

How do naked viruses enter the host cell? (1)

A
  • via receptor mediated endocytosis
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16
Q

How do enveloped viruses enter the host cell (2)?

A
  • via receptor mediated endocytosis
  • via fusion of envelope with host cell plasma membrane
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17
Q

What is uncoating?

A

Separation of nucleic acid from the protein capsid coat

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18
Q

What causes uncoating? (2)

A
  • host lysosomal enzymes
  • configurational changes in the capsid
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19
Q

Describe synthesis in viral replication

A

Virus takes over host’s biosynthetic “machinery”

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20
Q

What is produced in synthesis? (3)

A
  • new viral nucleic acid molecules
  • capsid proteins
  • other viral components
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21
Q

Where do DNA viruses replicate?

A
  • In the nucleus (except Poxviruses)
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22
Q

What enzyme do DNA viruses use?

A
  • DNA dependent DNA polymerase
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23
Q

Where do RNA viruses replicate?

A
  • In the cytoplasm (except Retroviruses and Orthomyxoviruses)
24
Q

What enzyme do RNA viruses use?

A
  • RNA dependent RNA polymerase
25
Q

What happens in maturation/assembly? (2)

A
  • capsomers assembled into capsids
  • newly synthesized viral DNA inserted into capsids (forms new virions)
26
Q

What happens in release for naked viruses? (2)

A
  • released from host cell by lysing the cell
  • host cell dies
27
Q

What happens in release for enveloped viruses? (2)

A
  • bud out of host cell
  • acquire envelope from the host cell’s plasma membrane
28
Q

How do retroviruses replicate? (3)

A
  • through DNA intermediate
  • double stranded DNA copy of the virus RNA made
  • integrates into host genome
29
Q

What enzyme is used in replication of retroviruses?

A

Reverse transcriptase

30
Q

What is the simplified version of how retroviruses replicate?

A

RNA -> DNA -> integrates

31
Q

List the steps of biosynthesis in retroviruses (4)

A
  • RNA -> double stranded DNA
  • DNA enters nucleus -> integrates
  • DNA remains in host’s genome, PROVIRUS
  • integrated DNA -> RNA -> proteins
32
Q

How do retroviruses leave the host cell?

A

via budding

33
Q

What is viral latency?

A

Time period where there is no replication of the viral genome

34
Q

(T/F) Viruses cause disease during latency

A

False, they only cause disease when activated by different stimuli

35
Q

Name two examples of viruses that remain latent until activation:

A
  • HSV-1, Simplexvirus
  • Chicken pox virus, Varicellovirus
36
Q

Where is HSV-1 latent in?

A

Nerve cells

37
Q

What does Varicellovirus cause after activation?

A

(Chicken pox) Shingles

38
Q

What viruses cause cancer in humans? (2)

A

Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus
- HTLV-1
- HTLV-2

39
Q

What viruses cause leukemia?

A

Both retroviruses

40
Q

What do both retroviruses cause?

A

Leukemia

41
Q

What viruses cause cancer in animals? (3)

A
  • Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
  • Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
  • Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
42
Q

What is EBV associated with? (2)

A
  • African Burkitt’s Lymphoma
  • Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
43
Q

What is HBV associated with? (1)

A

hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)

44
Q

What is HPV associated with? (1)

A

Cervical carcinoma

45
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Tumor genes

46
Q

What is an oncogenic virus?

A

Virus that promotes tumor formation

47
Q

Where are oncogenes derived from?

A

Normal cellular genes

48
Q

Where do oncogenic viruses integrate in?

A

Host’s chromosome

49
Q

What are prions?

A

Proteinaceous Infectious Particles: affect cellular proteins

50
Q

What diseases are caused by prions? (4)

A
  • Kuru
  • Creuztfeld-Jacob Disease
  • Mad Cow Disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
  • Scrapie (found in sheep)
51
Q

What are common factors in diseases caused by prions? (2)

A
  • all are neurological diseases (spongy appearance of the brain)
  • all are fatal
52
Q

What do prions do?

A

Convert normal proteins to an infectious abnormal protein

53
Q

What is PrPc?

A

A normal cellular protein

54
Q

What is PrPsc?

A

A scrapie protein, accumulates in brain cells + forms plaques

55
Q

What are viroids?

A

Short pieces of naked RNA (no protein coat)

56
Q

What do viroids cause?

A

Some plant diseases

57
Q

What do viruses do?

A

Stops RNA from coding proteins

Microbiology Exam 3 (6 decks)

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