Vaccinations

Question 1

What is another name for vaccinations?

Answer 1

Immunizations

Question 2

What are vaccinations?

Answer 2

Generate an artificially acquired active immunity to immunizing agent

Question 3

What do vaccinations do?

Answer 3

Artificially gives people a modified Ag to not cause disease

Question 4

What is in a passive vaccine?

Answer 4

Preformed Antibodies

Question 5

What did Edward Jenner do?

Answer 5

Series of experiments to prevent smallpox (1798)

Question 6

Where did the name vaccination come from?

Answer 6

Cow = Vacca

Question 7

How was smallpox neutralized?

Answer 7

Antibodies to cowpox

Question 8

Define Vaccine

Answer 8

Suspension (parts) of organisms that can induce immunity

Question 9

What are the types of vaccines? (5)

Answer 9

• Whole Agent Vaccines
• Subunit Vaccines
• Toxoids
• Conjugated Vaccines
• Nucleic Acid Vaccines

Question 10

Describe Dead Whole Agent Vaccines (3)

Answer 10

• killed/inactivated virus
• unable to replicate
• may need booster shots

Question 11

Examples of Dead Whole Agent Vaccines (2)

Answer 11

• Old Pertussis Vaccine
• Rabies Vaccine

Question 12

Describe Live Whole Agent Vaccines (4)

Answer 12

• attenuated (weakened) bacteria/viruses
• able to replicate (not virulent)
• can mutate back to dangerous forms
• not given to immunocompromised patients

Question 13

Examples of Live Whole Agent Vaccines (1)

Answer 13

MMR Vaccines (measles, mumps, rubella)

Question 14

Describe Subunit Vaccines (3)

Answer 14

• parts of microbe/virus
• safer, less side effects
• given to immunocompromised patients

Question 15

Examples of Subunit Vaccines (4)

Answer 15

Bacterial Capsules
- Streptococcocus pneumoniae
- Hemophilus influenza type b
Viral Peplomers
- Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 16

Describe Conjugated Vaccines (4)

Answer 16

• example of subunit vaccines
• gets better immune response to polysaccharide vaccines
• contain component of microbe
• attached to a foreign protein to enhance immunogenicity

Question 17

(T/F) All subunit vaccines are conjugated vaccines

Answer 17

False, All conjugated vaccines are subunit vaccines

Question 18

Examples of subunit vaccines (2)

Answer 18

• Pneumonia vaccines
• Haemophilus influenza vaccine

Question 19

Describe Toxoids (3)

Answer 19

• Modified, inactivated toxins
• Antigenic (not toxic)
• Requires series of injections

Question 20

Examples of Toxoids (2)

Answer 20

Diphtheria & Tetanus toxoids

Question 21

What are two possible future vaccines?

Answer 21

• Viral Vectors
• Nucleic Acid Vaccines

Question 22

Describe Viral Vector Vaccines (4)

Answer 22

• insert gene coding for Ag into vaccinia virus
• gives people recombinant virus
• virus expresses the Ag
• people mount immune response

Question 23

Describe Nucleic Acid Vaccines (3)

Answer 23

• inject DNA coding for protein Ag
• DNA + protein expressed
• immune response mounted

Question 24

Describe AstraZeneca Viral Vector Vaccine (4)

Answer 24

• uses weakened adenovirus as carrier
• cannot replicate in human cells
• manufactures the spike protein
• stimulates immune system

Question 25

Describe Nucleic Acid Vaccines (4)

Answer 25

• Plasmids with naked DNA injected into muscles
• Expresses proteins to stimulate humoral + cell mediated response
• cheaper (no needles/refrigeration)
• Do not contain entire microbe

Question 26

Describe m-RNA Vaccines (4)

Answer 26

• carry genetic material that teaches cells to make harmless spike proteins
• genetic material destroyed after made
• cells display the piece of protein = immune response
• doesn’t affect our DNA (doesn’t enter nucleus)

Question 27

What DNA vaccines have been approved for animals?

Answer 27

West Nile, disease in Salmon