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Microbiology Exam 3 > Nonspecific Host Defenses > Flashcards

Nonspecific Host Defenses Flashcards

Chapter 16

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1
Q

What is Resistance?

A

Ability to prevent disease (aka immunity)

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2
Q

What is Susceptibility?

A

Vulnerability to disease

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3
Q

What is Innate Resistance (Non-Specific)?

A

Defense mechanism against ANY pathogen

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4
Q

What is Adaptive Resistance (Specific)?

A

Define mechanism against SPECIFIC pathogen

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5
Q

Examples of Innate Resistance (5):

A
  • skin
  • mucosa
  • phagocytosis
  • inflammation
  • fever
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6
Q

Examples of Adaptive Resistance (2):

A
  • cell mediated immunity (CMI)
  • humoral immunity
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7
Q

What cell is involved in cell mediated immunity?

A

T cells

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8
Q

What cells is involved in humoral immunity?

A

B cells and antibodies (Ab)

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9
Q

What are the first line of defense? (2)

A
  • intact skin
  • mucous membranes
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10
Q

What are the second line of defense? (4)

A
  • phagocytes
  • inflammation
  • fever
  • antimicrobial substances
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11
Q

What are the third line of defense?

A
  • humoral immunity (bursa maturation)
  • cell mediated immunity (thymus maturation)
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12
Q

(T/F) The different components of the immune system are mutually exclusive

A

False, they interact with each other

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13
Q

Describe Innate Immunity (3)

A
  • present at birth
  • always present with rapid responses
  • no specific recognition/memory
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14
Q

What activates Innate Immunity?

A

Toll Like Receptors (TLR) proteins on membranes of defensive cells

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15
Q

What do TLR’s attach to?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP’s): LPS, peptidoglycan, capsule proteins

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16
Q

(T/F) Cells release chemicals that regulate the immune response

A

True

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17
Q

What type of barriers do Innate Defenses provide? (2)

A
  • physical
  • mechanical
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18
Q

What are examples of physical barriers? (2)

A
  • intact skin
  • mucous membranes
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19
Q

What are examples of mechanical barriers? (6)

A
  • tears
  • saliva
  • mucus
  • cilia
  • mucus-coated hairs of nose
  • flow of urine
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20
Q

What are examples of Chemical Factors in Nonspecific Defenses? (7)

A
  • sebum
  • perspiration
  • lysozyme
  • gastric juice
  • vaginal secretions
  • stomach acid
  • transferrin
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21
Q

Describe sebum and its affects (4):

A
  • contains unsaturated fats
  • inhibits growth of some bacteria
  • keeps pH of skin low
  • protective coat over skin
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22
Q

What does Perspiration do?

A

Eliminates wastes and flushes microbes

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23
Q

What does Lysozyme do?

A

Degrades peptidoglycan layer of Gram (+) bacteria

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24
Q

What are examples of Lysozyme? (5)

A
  • tears
  • saliva
  • perspiration
  • tissue fluids
  • nasal secretions
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25
Q

Describe Gastric Juice (2)

A
  • contains HCl (hydrochloric acid)
  • pH: 1.2 - 3
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26
Q

What does stomach acid do?

A

Kills most bacteria because of its low pH (some toxins + microbes survive)

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27
Q

What does Transferrin do?

A

Prevents bacteria from using iron in the body

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28
Q

How does Normal Flora aid in innate protection? (4)

A
  • prevents overgrowth of pathogens (competition)
  • produces substances that kill pathogens (bacteriocins)
  • change pH and oxygen
  • probiotics
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29
Q

Define Bacteriocins

A

Substances that kill pathogens

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30
Q

What does the Second Line of Defense do?

A

Control pathogens/infections when the first line has failed

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31
Q

Describe the Second Line of Defense
(4):

A
  • defensive cells (phagocytes)
  • inflammation
  • fever
  • antimicrobial substances (interferon + complement)
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32
Q

What are examples of Antimicrobial Substances? (2)

A
  • interferon
  • complement
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33
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
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34
Q

Describe Neutrophils (3)

A
  • 60-70% of WBCs
  • Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
  • Can enter tissues (highly phagocytic)
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35
Q

Describe Basophils (3)

A
  • 0.5-1.0% of WBCs
  • inflammation & allergies, release histamines
  • tissue mast cells are similar
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36
Q

Describe Eosinophils (3)

A
  • 2-4% of WBCs
  • allergies and helminth infections
  • may be phagocytic
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37
Q

What are the 2 Monocytes/Macrophages?

A
  • Monocyte
  • Dendritic Cells
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38
Q

Describe Monocytes (4)

A
  • 3-8% of WBCs
  • macrophage = mature
    monocytes/professional phagocytes
  • process antigens (Ag)
  • secrete compounds that regulate immune system
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39
Q

What elicits an antibody response?

A

Antigens

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40
Q

Describe Dendritic Cells (3)

A
  • derived from monocytes
  • skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes
  • destroy by phagocytosis, initiate adaptive response
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41
Q

Which cell makes up around 60 - 70% of WBCs?

A

Neutrophils

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42
Q

Which cell makes up around 0.5 - 1.0% of WBCs?

A

Basophils

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43
Q

Which cell makes up around 2 - 4% of WBCs?

A

Eosinophils

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44
Q

Which cell makes up around 3 - 8% of WBCs?

A

Monocytes/Macrophages

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45
Q

Which cell makes up around 20 - 25% of WBCs?

A

Lymphocytes

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46
Q

What are the 3 types of Lymphocytes?

A
  • Natural Killer Cells
  • B Lymphocytes
  • T Lymphocytes
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47
Q

What do Natural Killer Cells do? (2)

A
  • kill infected/tumor cells
  • recognize abnormal proteins on surface
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48
Q

What do B Lymphocytes do?

A

Produce Antibodies

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49
Q

What do T Lymphocytes do?

A

Involved in cell mediated immunity

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50
Q

What lymphatic tissues do Lymphocytes circulate? (7)

A
  • tonsils
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • thymus gland
  • bone marrow
  • appendix
  • peyer’s patches (small intestine)
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51
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Cell ingesting any particulate matter (microbes)

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52
Q

What are Phagocytes?

A

Cells that ingest microbes

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53
Q

What type and line of defense are Phagocytes?

A
  • Nonspecific mechanism
  • Second Line of Defense
54
Q

What is a Leukocyte?

A

White Blood Cell (WBC)

55
Q

What are the 5 basic types of WBCs?

A
  • granulocytes (3)
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
56
Q

What is Leukopenia?

A

Decrease in WBCs

57
Q

What is Leukocytosis?

A

Increase in WBCs

58
Q

What is a possible cause of Leukopenia? (1)

A

AIDS

59
Q

What is a possible cause of Leukocytosis? (2)

A
  • Infectious mononucleosis
  • Gonorrhea
60
Q

What do Neutrophils, Monocytes, and Dendritic cells do when there’s an infection?

A

Leave circulation -> Enter tissues -> Migrate to infection site

61
Q

Which WBC arrives to the site of infection/injury early in the course of an infection?

A

Neutrophils (PMNs)

62
Q

What do monocytes do at the site of infection? (2)

A
  • enlarge and mature into macrophages
  • become phagocytic
63
Q

Which WBC reaches the area later in the infection process?

A

Monocytes/Macrophages

64
Q

What is Chemotaxis?

A

Movement of phagocytes to site of infection due to attraction of released chemicals

65
Q

What releases Chemotaxins? (4)

A
  • basophils
  • tissue
  • bacteria
  • complement
66
Q

What is Adherence?

A

Phagocyte ATTACHMENT to bacterium

67
Q

How can capsules affect attachment?

A

Resists attachment

68
Q

What protein prevents attachment?

A

M protein

69
Q

What facilitates adherence?

A

Attachment of PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular pattern) to TLRs (toll like receptors)

70
Q

What are Opsonins?

A

Proteins that promote phagocytosis

71
Q

What is Opsonization?

A

Promotions of phagocytosis (by Ab + components of the complement system)

72
Q

What is Ingestion?

A

Engulfment of the bacterium

73
Q

What is the phagocyte plasma membrane that extends in phagocytosis called?

A

Pseudopods

74
Q

Where is the engulfed bacterium held?

A

Phagosome

75
Q

What is a Phagosome

A

Membrane bound vesicle

76
Q

What is Digestion?

A

Fusion of phagosome with a lysosome

77
Q

What is a Phagolysosome?

A

Fusion of phagosome with a lysosome

78
Q

What are the two ways bacteria can be killed during digestion?

A
  • anaerobically (hydrolytic or lysosomal enzymes)
  • aerobically (toxic oxygen compounds)
79
Q

When bacterium is killed aerobically due to toxic oxygen compounds it is called:

A

Respiratory Burst

80
Q

What 2 structures inhibit adherence?

A
  • capsules
  • protein M
81
Q

What 3 microbes are not killed when ingested?

A
  • Staphylococci
  • Trypanosoma
  • Mycobacterium, HIV, Plasmodium
82
Q

How do Staphylococci avoid being killed during ingestion?

A

Secreting leukocidin

83
Q

How do Trypanosoma avoid being killed during ingestion?

A

Lyse phagocyte membranes

84
Q

How do Mycobacterium, HIV, Plasmodium avoid being killed during ingestion?

A

Prevent fusion of phagosome and lysosome

85
Q

How do Biofilms evade phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytes can’t detach them from the surface

86
Q

What are the tell-tale signs of inflammation? (4)

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • pain
  • swelling
87
Q

What typically causes inflammation?

A

Cells and acute phase proteins (complement, fibrinogen, kinins)

88
Q

(T/F) Microbes can initiate inflammation

A

True

89
Q

(T/F) Inflammation cannot result in loss of function

A

False

90
Q

What are the functions of inflammation? (3)

A
  • destroys/removes microbes
  • limit spread of microbes
  • repairs tissues
91
Q

What can enhance inflammation?

A

Microbial structures (LPS, flagella, DNA) attaching to TLRs = induces acute phase proteins

92
Q

What does the Vasodilation of Blood Vessels mean?

A

Increased diameter of blood vessels

93
Q

What does Vasodilation of Blood Vessels cause? (2)

A
  • increased blood flow
  • redness and heat (at site)
94
Q

What do Mediators do?

A

Increase permeability in capillaries

95
Q

What is Edema?

A

Blood cells + fluid entering tissues (swelling)

96
Q

What can cause inflammation?

A

Chemical mediators released from damaged cells

97
Q

What are 4 examples of chemical mediators?

A
  • histamine
  • kinins
  • prostaglandins
  • leukotrienes
98
Q

What is Margination?

A

Phagocytes (Monocytes and PMNs) migrate to site & stick to blood vessel walls

99
Q

What is Diapedesis?

A

Phagocytes move between the endothelial cells of the blood vessel walls

100
Q

What mediates migration of phagocytes into tissues?

A

Chemotaxins

101
Q

What enters the tissue’s first?

A

PMNs (like neutrophils)

102
Q

What is pus made of?

A

Dead cells and fluid

103
Q

What is a pyogenic infection?

A

Any infection that forms pus

104
Q

Blood fluid in tissue is called:

A

Edema/swelling

105
Q

What is the final stage of inflammation?

A

Tissue Repair

106
Q

Is inflammation benifical?

A

Yes, but chronic inflammation can cause permanent changes in tissues

107
Q

What is a fever?

A

Systemic response to infection

108
Q

What part of the brain causes fevers?

A

Hypothalamus

109
Q

What causes a fever?

A
  • bacterial endotoxin (exogenous pyrogen)
  • IL-1 (endogenous pyrogen)
110
Q

What do shivers and chills do to body temperature?

A

Raise body temperature

111
Q

What does sweating or crisis do to body temperature?

A

Lowers body temperature

112
Q

What happens during a fever? (4)

A
  • T lymphocytes activated
  • Intensifies Interferons (stops replication of some viruses)
  • Decreases iron uptake (some)
  • May increase tissue repair
113
Q

What do interferons effect? (1)

A

Viruses

114
Q

What do Complements effect? (2)

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
115
Q

What are examples of Antimicrobial Substances? (4)

A
  • interferons
  • complement
  • iron binding proteins
  • antimicrobial peptides
116
Q

What are Interferons?

A

Small proteins that interfere with the replication of viruses

117
Q

Who discovered Interferons and when?

A

Lindenmann & Isaacs, 1957

118
Q

How do interferons act?

A

Stimulating cells to make AntiViral Proteins (AVPs) -> stops viral replication

119
Q

What are the 3 types of Interferons?

A
  • Alpha-interferon
  • Beta-interferon
  • Gamma-interferon
120
Q

Which cells produce which interferon?

A

Every cell can make all 3, but specific cell types produce specific interferons

121
Q

What is considered to be the First Line of Defense for Viral Infections?

A

Interferons

122
Q

Are interferons specific?

A

They are HOST specific (not viral)

123
Q

What cells produce alpha-interferons?

A

B Lymphocytes and Monocytes

124
Q

What cells produce beta-interferons?

A

Fibroblasts and Epithelial Cells

125
Q

What cells produce gamma-interferons?

A

T-Cells

126
Q

How many proteins make up the Complement System?

A

30

127
Q

Where are the proteins in the Complement System found?

A

In fluid portion of the blood (serum)

128
Q

How are individual proteins of the Complement System activated?

A

By the presence of foreign cells (bacteria, virus)

129
Q

What is the Nonspecific mechanism for removing foreign cells?

A

The Complement System

130
Q

Define Cascade in reference to the Complement System?

A

First activated protein causes a domino affect where the protein next to it is activated (and so on)

131
Q

What are the three pathways of the Complement System?

A
  • classical pathway
  • alternative pathway
  • lectin pathway
132
Q

Complements destroy microbes by (3):

A
  • cytolysis
  • inflammation
  • phagocytosis

Microbiology Exam 3 (6 decks)

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