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Microbiology Exam 3 > Specific Host Defenses > Flashcards

Specific Host Defenses Flashcards

Chapter 17

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1
Q

What is Specificity?

A

Recognizes specific foreign substance

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2
Q

What is Non-self regarding cells?

A

Foreign

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3
Q

What is self regarding cells?

A

Body’s cells

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4
Q

What cells are foreign? (4)

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • pollen
  • transplanted tissues
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5
Q

How does your immune system obtain memory of specific antigens/infection?

A

After recovering from a specific infection, you are immune to it when exposed again (memory)

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6
Q

What are antigens (Ag)?

A

Substance that stimulates an immune response

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7
Q

What mediates Specific Acquired Immunity?

A

Lymphocytes

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8
Q

What are the two lymphocytes?

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
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9
Q

What type of immunity do T cells provide?

A

Cellular Immunity

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10
Q

Where do T Cells Mature?

A

Thymus

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11
Q

What type of immunity do B Cells provide?

A

Humoral Immunity

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12
Q

Where do B Cells mature?

A

Bone Marrow

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13
Q

Where do T Cells originate from?

A

Bone Marrow

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14
Q

Where do B Cells originate from?

A

Bone Marrow

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15
Q

What do B Cells do?

A

Produce ANTIBODIES that recognize and bind to Ag

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16
Q

What do T Cells do?

A

Have cell surface receptor (TCR) that recognizes Ag on surface of TARGET CELL

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17
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

Protection developed over time against a specific Ag after injection/vaccination

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18
Q

What are the 4 ways immunity can occur?

A
  • naturally
  • artificially
  • actively
  • passively
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19
Q

What is Naturally Acquired Active Immunity?

A

Immunity acquired when person encounters the pathogen naturally

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20
Q

What is Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity?

A

Natural transfer of preformed Ab from mother to fetus/infant

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21
Q

What is Artificially Acquired Active Immunity?

A

Immunity acquired after vaccination against a specific infectious agent

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22
Q

What is Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity?

A

Immunity acquired after injection of preformed Ab

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23
Q

What is involved in the humoral immune system? (3)

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • antibody mediated
  • effective vs. extracellular
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24
Q

What is involved in the cell mediated immune system? (3)

A
  • T lymphocytes
  • mediated by cell-cell interactions
  • effective vs. intracellular
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25
Q

What are antigens?

A

Substance that elicits an immune response

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26
Q

Describe antigens (3):

A
  • large
  • usually a protein
  • can be polysaccharide, nucleoprotein, or glycolipid
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27
Q

Which type of antigens are not good? (2)

A
  • lipids
  • nucleoacid
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28
Q

What different Ag cover the surface of pathogens? (6)

A
  • pili
  • cell wall
  • capsules
  • outer membrane proteins
  • flagella
  • toxins
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29
Q

What is Epitope?

A

Section on the Ag that Abs bind to

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30
Q

What produces antibodies?

A

B Cells (aka Plasma Cells)

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31
Q

Where are antibodies found? (2)

A
  • surface of B cells as Ag receptor
  • secreted into serum, lymph, and fluids surrounding tissue
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32
Q

What do Ab’s produced by ONE plasma cell do?

A

Recognizes only a single portion of an Ag and binds

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33
Q

What are two other names for antibodies?

A
  • Gamma Globulins
  • Immunoglobulins
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34
Q

What shape do Ab’s have?

A

Y shaped molecule

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35
Q

Why is it an Ab’s shape beneficial to it?

A

Flexible Adapter

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36
Q

Describe Antibodies (2)

A
  • proteins
  • 4 chains
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37
Q

Describe the 4 chains of Ab’s:

A
  • 2 Identical Heavy Chains (Hc)
  • 2 Identical Light Chains (Lc)
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38
Q

What holds chains in Antibodies together?

A

Disulfide bonds

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39
Q

What do each Hc and Lc contain?

A

1 Variable region (V)

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40
Q

What does each Lc contain?

A

1 Constant region

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41
Q

What does each Hc contain?

A

3 or 4 Constant regions

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42
Q

What do the variable regions of Hc/Lc make up?

A

Ag binding site

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43
Q

How many antigen binding sites are there on one antibody?

A

2 (identical)

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44
Q

What does Fab stand for?

A

Fragment antigen binding

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45
Q

What do the Ch regions determine?

A

The Ab (Ig) class

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46
Q

What are the five classes of Ig?

A
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
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47
Q

Describe IgG (5)

A
  • monomers (individual Y shaped molecules)
  • Secondary Immune response
  • Can enter tissues + cross placenta
  • Activate the Classical Complement Pathway
  • Act as an Opsonin
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48
Q

What Ig makes up 80% of Antibodies found in serum?

A

IgG

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49
Q

What are IgG’s effective against? (3)

A
  • bacteria
  • extracellular viruses
  • bacterial toxins
50
Q

Describe IgM (5)

A
  • First Ab produced in primary immune response
  • M = Macroglobulin (Large)
  • 10 binding sites
  • Activates Classical Complement Pathway
  • Valuable in diagnosing Disease
51
Q

How long is the half- life of IgG?

A

~23 days

52
Q

Which Ab’s half life is ~5-10 days?

A

IgM

53
Q

What is IgM important for?

A

Diagnosis of disease

54
Q

What holds IgM monomers together?

A

J chain

54
Q

What holds 5 IgM monomers together?

A

J chain

55
Q

Describe IgA (4)

A
  • SECRETORY Abs
  • Found in mucous membranes & secretions
  • Can be monomer, but mainly DIMER
  • first line of defense of specific acquire immune system
56
Q

What Ig makes up 10-15% of Abs?

A

IgA

57
Q

How long is IgA’s half-life?

A

~6 days

58
Q

How many binding sites does a dimer of IgA have?

A

4

59
Q

Describe IgD (3)

A
  • found on surface of newly matured B cells
  • act as Ag receptor for B cells
  • unknown functions
60
Q

What % of Ab’s does IgD make up?

A

0.2%

61
Q

Which Ig has a half-life of ~3 days?

A

IgD

62
Q

Describe IgE (3)

A
  • found bound to mast cells & basophils
  • defense against parasitic worms
  • causes allergic response by recognizing allergens
63
Q

What Ig makes up 0.002% of Ab’s?

A

IgE

64
Q

How does IgE bind to cells?

A

By Fc region to specific cell surface receptors

65
Q

What happens when an Ag binds to a IgE?

A

Immediate degranulation of mast cells & basophils

66
Q

What happens when IgE causes mast cells & basophils to degranulate? (2)

A
  • cytoplasmic granules’ contents (histamine & serotonin) are released
  • (histamine) causes increased capillary permeability (vasodilation)
67
Q

Where do B cells in birds mature in?

A

Bursa of Fabricius

68
Q

Where do B cells in animals mature in?

A

Bone Marrow

69
Q

What happens in humoral immunity? (4)

A
  • B cells exposed to an extracellular Ag
  • B cells mature
  • B cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue to develop further
  • B cells bind with the appropriate Ag
70
Q

When in humoral immunity do B cells selection of Ag receptors occur?

A

During maturation in bone marrow/bursa of fabricius

71
Q

What do B cells have on their surface? (2)

A
  • IgM
  • IgD
72
Q

What are examples of secondary lymphoid tissue? (2)

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
73
Q

Where do B cells encounter Ags?

A

In the secondary lymphoid tissue

74
Q

What occurs when B cells bind with Ags?

A

Stimulation of proliferation of said B cell (Clonal Selection)

75
Q

What happens during Clonal Selection?

A

B cells can change into Plasma Cells or Memory Cells

76
Q

Which Cell aids B Cells in Clonal Selection?

A

Helper T Cells

77
Q

(T/F) All Antibodies produced by one B Cell have different Ag Specificity

A

False, They all recognize the same epitope

78
Q

What cell rearranges a B Cell’s Ig genes during development?

A

The B Cell itself

79
Q

What happens in Cell Mediated Immunity? (

A
  • T Cells mature in thymus gland
  • T Cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue
  • T Cell encounters Ag and activates
80
Q

What do T Lymphocytes arise from?

A

A common precursor cell in the bone marrow

81
Q

Where do T Cells mature in?

A

Thymus Gland

82
Q

What do T Cells mainly fight?

A

Intracellular Pathogens

83
Q

Where do T Cells encounter the Ag?

A

Secondary Lymphoid Tissue

84
Q

What do T Cells activate into?

A

1 of various types of effector T Cells

85
Q

If a T Cell with an Ag specific TCR encounters an Ag…

A

Proliferation & activation of those Ag Specific T Cells

86
Q

How do T Cells recognize antigenss?

A

When Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) process antigens and present it to them

87
Q

What are the different types of T Cells? (

A
  • Helper T Cells (CD4+)
  • Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+)
88
Q

What do Helper T Cells do?

A

Help B Cells & other T Cells to react

89
Q

What nickname do Helper T Cells have?

A

Commander in Chief

90
Q

What do Cytotoxic T Cells do?

A

Killer Cells

91
Q

What does CD stand for?

A

Clusters of Differentiation

92
Q

What activates T Cells?

A

Ag/MHC complex + Professional APC signal

93
Q

What are examples of Professional APCs? (3)

A
  • Dendritic Cells
  • B Cells
  • Macrophages
94
Q

How do B Cells & Macrophages become Professional APCs?

A

Activated by Ag

95
Q

What are the types of MHC Ags? (2)

A
  • Class I
  • Class II
96
Q

Describe Class I MHC Ags

A

All cells (except RBCs, sperm, ovum, cornea)

97
Q

Describe Class II MHC Ags

A

Activated macrophages, mature B cells, some T Cells

98
Q

What do Class I cells do? (2)

A
  • mark cells as “self”
  • directly activates CD8+ cells
99
Q

What do Class II Cells do? (2)

A
  • Recognition of “self”
  • required for CD4+ cells to interact with B Cells & Macrophages
100
Q

What do T Cells recognize?

A

Ag bound to cell surface

101
Q

What holds Antigens onto cell surfaces?

A

Cell Surface Protein (Marker)

102
Q

What is a Marker

A

Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC)

103
Q

Describe MHC molecules (2)

A
  • unique to each person
  • tell immune system which cells are “self” and “non-self”
104
Q

(T/F) T Cells see antigens that are not within MHC molecules on a cell’s surface

A

False

105
Q

What is another name for Helper T Cells?

A

CD4+ Cells

106
Q

Describe Helper T Cells (2)

A
  • recognize antigens on macrophages/APCs
  • activate macrophages
107
Q

What do activated T Cells do?

A

Proliferate and secrete cytokines

108
Q

What do activated T Cells do?

A

Become activated helper T Cells that activate other cells (B, T, macrophages). Some become memory cells.

109
Q

What is another name for Cytotoxic T Cells?

A

CD8+ Cells

110
Q

What do CD8+ Cells do?

A
  • when activated, they recognize and kill target cells
  • produce perforin (lyses cell)
111
Q

What are Cytotoxic T Cells precursors to?

A

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (real killers)

112
Q

How do Cytotoxin T Cells become activated?

A

By cytokines from Th cells

113
Q

After perforin destroys the cell, what happens?

A

Granzymes enter and induce apoptosis

114
Q

What do CD8+ T cells recognize?

A

Antigen presented in association with MHC class I molecules

115
Q

What is a primary immune response?

A

First encounter with a specific antigen

115
Q

What is a primary immune response?

A

First encounter with a specific antigen

116
Q

What occurs in primary immune response? (2)

A
  • IgM first to produce, then IgG
  • Memory Cells are produced
117
Q

What is a secondary immune response?

A

Repeat encounter with same antigen (memory)

118
Q

What happens in secondary immune response? (3)

A
  • stimulation of memory cells
  • increased levels of IgG & IgM
  • Stronger, faster, more specific response
119
Q

What measure the intensity of the antibody mediated immune response?

A

Antibody titer

120
Q

What does the antibody titer check for?

A

The amount of antibodies in serum

Microbiology Exam 3 (6 decks)

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