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Microbiology Exam 3 > Viruses Part I > Flashcards

Viruses Part I Flashcards

Chapter 13

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1
Q

Define Viruses

A

Latin for poison

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2
Q

Characteristics of Viruses (7)

A
  • obligate intracellular parasites
  • very small, filterable
  • contain one type of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA)
  • Nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)
  • Have little enzymes of their own
  • May have lipid envelopes
  • Many have a range of host cells able to infect
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3
Q

What is the virion?

A

complete infectious particle

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4
Q

Do viruses have a plasma membrane?

A

No

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5
Q

Do viruses replicate through binary fission?

A

No

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6
Q

Can viruses pass through bacteriological filters?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Do viruses possess both RNA and DNA

A

No, only one of them

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8
Q

Do viruses have an ATP-generating metabolism?

A

No

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9
Q

Do viruses have ribosomes?

A

No

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10
Q

Are viruses sensitive to antibiotics?

A

No

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11
Q

Are viruses sensitive to interferon?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What is the structure of a virion?

A

Nucleic acid surrounded by capsid +/- lipid envelope.

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13
Q

What do we classify viruses by? (3)

A
  • nucleic acid content (DNA or RNA)
  • capsid
  • envelope
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14
Q

Describe nucleic acids

A

DNA or RNA (can be single stranded or double stranded, linear or circular, continuous or segmented)

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15
Q

single stranded RNA genomes…

A

have a polarity (+ or -)

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16
Q

+ RNA…

A

can go in the cell and DIRECTLY function as RNA

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17
Q

(-) RNA…

A

must first be TRANSCRIBED into +RNA strand which then serves as the mRNA

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18
Q

Retrovirus

A

RNA transcribed into DNA inside the host

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19
Q

What is a capsid?

A

protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid

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20
Q

What are the units that make up capsids called?

A

capsomers

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21
Q

What are the 3 capsid shapes?

A
  • helical
  • polyhedral
  • complex
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22
Q

Describe Helical Symmetry (regarding capsids)

A
  • looks like a long rod
  • multiple copies of the same protein wrapped in a helix
  • nucleic acid surrounded by a hollow, helical, cylindrical capsid
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23
Q

Examples of viruses with helical symmetry (1):

A
  • Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
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24
Q

Describe Polyhedral Symmetry (regarding capsids)

A
  • many sides
  • ICOSAHEDRAL (20 sides, 12 corners)
  • Each side = equilateral triangle
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25
Q

Examples of viruses with polyhedral symmetry (3):

A
  • Polio Virus
  • Adenovirus
  • Herpes Virus
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26
Q

Describe Complex Symmetry:

A
  • complicated structures
  • somewhat asymmetrical
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27
Q

Examples of viruses with complex symmetry (2):

A
  • bacteriophage viruses (have capsid, tail, + sheath)
  • pox virus (no capsid but several coats around nucleic acid)
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28
Q

What is an envelope?

A

It surrounds the nucleocapsid of some animal viruses.

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29
Q

What are virus envelopes made of?

A

They are made up of host cell lipids (lipid bilayer) and viral proteins

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30
Q

What do virus envelopes sometimes have?

A

viral glycoproteins called peplomers or spikes

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31
Q

What are viral glycoproteins called?

A

Peplomers or spikes

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32
Q

What are viral glycoproteins used for?

A

Attachment to host cell

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33
Q

What do virus envelopes do? (3)

A
  • may help virus get away from the cell
  • keeps segments of segmented genome together
  • antigenic: host immune system can mount an attack
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34
Q

Taxonomy of Viruses (at first)

A
  • plant viruses
  • animal viruses
  • bacteriophage
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35
Q

Taxonomy of Viruses (then)

A
  • respiratory diseases
  • enteric viruses
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36
Q

Taxonomy of Viruses (now)

A
  • nucleic acid type (DNA, RNA)
  • replication strategy
    morphology
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37
Q

Describe Parvoviridae (3)

A
  • single stranded DNA
  • icosahedral
  • naked
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38
Q

Examples of Parvoviridae (4)

A
  • Gastroenteritis
  • fetal death
  • fifth disease
  • human parvovirus B19
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39
Q

Describe Adenoviridae (3)

A
  • double stranded DNA
  • icosahedral
  • naked
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40
Q

Examples of Adenoviridae (1)

A
  • Respiratory diseases
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41
Q

Describe Papovaviridae (3)

A
  • double stranded DNA
  • icosahedral
  • naked
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42
Q

What does the pa-po-va in papovaviridae stand for?

A
  • Pa (papilloma): warts
  • Po (polyoma): tumors
  • Va (vacuolating): causes vacuoles in host cell
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43
Q

Examples of Papovaviridae (1)

A
  • HPV (human papilloma virus)
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44
Q

Describe HPV (human papilloma virus) (2)

A
  • more than 60 types
  • benign warts, plantar warts, laryngeal warts, cervical warts
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45
Q

Describe Poxviridae (4)

A
  • double stranded DNA
  • complex
  • enveloped
  • largest of all the viruses
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46
Q

Examples of Poxviridae (2)

A
  • smallpox virus
  • cowpox virus
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47
Q

What is the only disease eradicated through vaccination efforts?

A
  • smallpox virus
48
Q

Describe Hepadnaviridae (5)

A
  • circular
  • double stranded
  • icosahedral
  • enveloped
  • unusual replication cycle
49
Q

Examples of Hepadnaviridae (1)

A
  • Hepatitis B Virus
50
Q

Describe Herpesviridae (5)

A
  • double stranded
  • icosahedral
  • enveloped
  • very large viruses, become latent
  • ubiquitous in animals
51
Q

Examples of Herpesviridae (8)

A
  • HHV-1
  • HHV-2
  • HHV-3
  • HHV-4
  • HHV-5
  • HHV-6
  • HHV-7
  • HHV-8
52
Q

Describe HHV-1 and HHV-2

A
  • Simplexvirus: cause cold sores and genital herpes
53
Q

Describe HHV-3

A
  • Varicellovirus: causes chickenpox and shingles
54
Q

Describe HHV-4

A
  • Lymphocryptovirus: EBV (Epstein Barr Virus) causes mononucleosis
55
Q

Describe HHV-5

A
  • Cytomegalovirus
56
Q

Describe HHV-6 and HHV-7

A
  • Roseolovirus
57
Q

Describe HHV-8

A
  • Rhadinovirus: causes Kaposi’s sarcoma
58
Q

What percent of the population is infected with HHV-1?

A

~85%

59
Q

How is herpes simplex 1 transmitted?

A

Transmitted by oral or respiratory tract

60
Q

What does HHV-1 cause?

A

Cold sores

61
Q

What causes HHV-1 lesions to recur? (5)

A
  • stress
  • sunlight
  • menstruation
  • fever
  • hormonal changes
62
Q

Where is the HHV-1 dormant?

A

Trigeminal nerve ganglion

63
Q

What does HHV-2 cause?

A

Genital herpes

64
Q

How is HHV-2 transmitted?

A

Sexual transmission

65
Q

Where is the HHV-2 dormant?

A

Sacral nerve ganglion

66
Q

Treatment for Genital Herpes

A

Acyclovir: improves primary lesions and reduces recurrences

67
Q

Is their a cure for genital herpes?

A

No

68
Q

What are the possible effects of neonatal herpes (3)

A
  • abortion
  • mental retardation
  • defective sight and hearing
69
Q

How would an infant acquire herpes during birth?

A

If the mother has blisters at time of delivery, it transfers to the baby.

70
Q

How is HSV-2 given to an infant? (2)

A
  • crosses the placenta and infects the fetus
  • mother has herpes blisters at time of the delivery
71
Q

Describe Picornaviridae (4)

A
  • (+) RNA
  • icosahedral
  • naked
  • very small (pico)
72
Q

Examples of Picornaviridae (4)

A
  • polio virus: polio
  • coxsackieviruses
  • enteroviruses (hepatitis A virus, HAV)
  • rhinoviruses: common cold
73
Q

Describe Togaviridae (4)

A
  • (+) RNA
  • icosahedral
  • enveloped (toga)
  • transmitted by arthropods (mosquitos)
74
Q

Examples of Togaviridae (2)

A
  • Arboviruses (encephalitis viruses)
  • Rubiviruses (rubella)
75
Q

Describe Coronaviridae (2)

A
  • (+) RNA
  • icosahedral
76
Q

Examples of Coronaviridae (4)

A
  • Common cold
  • SARS-CoV
  • MERS-CoV
  • SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19)
77
Q

Where did COVID-19 originate from?

A

China, Wuhan province

78
Q

What type of virus is COVID-19 and what did it most likely originate from? (2)

A
  • zoonotic virus (cross species transmission)
  • bats
79
Q

How is COVID-19 spread? (3)

A
  • person to person via fomites (sharing cups, eating utensils, etc.)
  • touching, kissing, shaking hands
  • droplets (possible air transmission in short distances)
80
Q

What are the symptoms of COVID-19? (11)

A
  • fever or chills
  • cough
  • difficulty breathing
  • fatigue
  • body aches
  • headache
  • loss of taste or smell
  • sore throat
  • congestion
  • nausea/vomiting
  • diarrhea
81
Q

What are current (experimental) treatments available for COVID-19? (2)

A
  • monoclonal antibody infusion
  • oral pill (molnupiravir)
82
Q

What are the known vaccines for COVID-19? (6)

A
  • Pfizer (m-RNA)
  • Moderna (m-RNA)
  • Johnson and Johnson (viral vector)
  • Astra Zeneca (viral vector)
  • Chinese Vaccines (killed virus)
  • Russia, Sputnik (viral vector)
83
Q

Describe Orthomyxoviridae (4)

A
  • segmented (8 helical nucleocapsids)
  • single stranded (-) RNA
  • helical
  • enveloped
84
Q

Examples of Orthomyxoviridae (3)

A

Influenza Viruses:
- Influenza Virus A (can infect swine, birds, and horses)
- Influenza Virus B
- Influenza Virus C

85
Q

(T/F) H3N2 mutates more rapidly than H1N1

A

True, they are deadlier and more virulent as well

86
Q

What are peplomers? (2)

A
  • protein spikes
  • antigenic
87
Q

Types of peplomers (2)

A
  • H: hemagglutinin, attachment (18 different)
  • N: neuraminidasec release from host cell (11 different)
88
Q

What are the two types of influenza antigenic variation?

A
  • antigenic drift
  • antigenic shift
89
Q

Describe Antigenic Drift (2)

A
  • small point mutations (affect H and N)
  • new subtype is slightly different than parent
90
Q

Describe Antigenic Shift (3)

A
  • less common, only occurs with influenza A
  • sudden and major change (H and/or N antigens)
  • creates a new strain
91
Q

Example of an Antigenic Shift

A

H3N2 to H1N1 (recombination occurring when 2 strains of viruses infect the same cell)

92
Q

What is the best mixing vessel for viruses?

A

Pigs (Swine)

93
Q

What is the pathway of viruses (spread)?

A

Bird to pig to human

94
Q

What types of Influenza was the Spanish Flu?

A

H1N1

95
Q

Characteristics of the Spanish Flu

A
  • higher than normal activation of genes associated with T Cells and Macrophages
  • higher than normal activation of genes related to tissue injury, oxidative damage, and apoptosis
  • induces a cytokine storm
96
Q

How is influenza spread? (2)

A
  • droplets
  • hands
97
Q

Where does influenza attach to in cells?

A

H glycoprotein to sialic acid receptors on cells

98
Q

What symptoms do cytokines cause? (6)

A
  • chills
  • fever
  • malaise
  • muscle aches
  • runny nose
  • cough
99
Q

Why would someone die from influenza?

A

Bacterial superinfections (S. aureus, H. influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- diagnose through rapid agglutination tests of throat swabs

100
Q

What are treatments for influenza? (2)

A
  • Tamiflu (inhibits viral release from cells)
  • Xofluza (inhibits polymerase acidic endonuclease)
101
Q

What is the best way to prevent influenza?

A

Through vaccination

102
Q

How are vaccines grown?

A
  • killed injected influenza is grown in eggs or in cell culture
103
Q

Describe Flumist

A

A live attenuated viral vaccine given intranasally.

104
Q

Describe Flaviviridae (3)

A
  • (+) RNA
  • polyhedral
  • enveloped
105
Q

Examples of Flaviviridae (2)

A
  • flaviviruses (includes yellow fever)
  • hepatitis C virus (HCV)
106
Q

Describe Retroviridae (5)

A
  • diploid
  • single stranded + RNA
  • icosahedral
  • enveloped
  • reverse transcriptase***
107
Q

Examples of Retroviridae (3)

A
  • RNA Tumor Viruses (oncoviruses)
  • Leukemia Viruses (HTLV-1)
  • Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV)
108
Q

Describe Paramyxoviridae (3)

A
  • (-) RNA
  • helical
  • enveloped
109
Q

Examples of Paramyxoviridae (3)

A
  • Paramyxovirus (parainfluenza)
  • Mumps Virus
  • Rubeola Virus (measles)
110
Q

Describe Rhabdoviridae “rod” (5)

A
  • (-) RNA
  • helical
  • enveloped
  • shaped like bullets with spiked envelope
  • rod with one flat and one curved end
111
Q

Examples of Rhabdoviridae (1)

A
  • Rabies Virus
112
Q

Describe Filoviridae (4)

A
  • (-) RNA
  • helical
  • enveloped
  • long, thread-like
113
Q

Examples of Filoviridae (2)

A
  • Ebola Virus
  • Marburg Agent
114
Q

Describe Reoviridae (4)

A
  • segmented
  • double stranded RNA
  • icosahedral
  • naked
115
Q

What does R.E.O. stand for in Reoviridae?

A
  • R = Respiratory Diseases
  • E = Enteric Diseases
  • O = Orphan (not associated with any disease)
116
Q

Examples of Reoviridae (2)

A
  • Rota Virus (severe diarrhea in young children)
  • Colorado Tick Fever Virus

Microbiology Exam 3 (6 decks)

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