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Microbiology Exam 3 > Viruses Part 2 > Flashcards

Viruses Part 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Three cell lines can be used in cell cultures what are they?

A

Primary cell lines
Diploid cell lines
Continuous cell lines

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2
Q

Primary cell lines

A

Derived from tissues by enzymes
Generally die after a couple of generations

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3
Q

Diploid cell lines

A

Derived form human embryos
Multiply for about 50-100 generations and then die

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4
Q

Continuous cell lines

A

Immortal lines are derived from transformed or cancerous cells
Can multiply indefinitely in clutter and are immortal
These are commonly use in propagation of viruses

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5
Q

What are HeLa cells? Tell the history.

A

Immortal cell line used for cancer research.
The only human cell line able to reproduce indefinitely.
Taken from a dead female cancer patient, named Henrietta Lacks in 1951 without permission.

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6
Q

Where do viruses ONLY replicate?

A

Inside the cell

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7
Q

What happens when viruses invade host cells?

A

Controls metabolic and replication “machinery”
The cell will now primarily make viral proteins and nucleic acid for new viral particles.

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8
Q

3 stages of host interactions/cycles

A

Lytic cycle
Lysogenic or latent cycle
Transforming interaction

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9
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Host cell is lysed after viral replication

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10
Q

Lysogenic or latent cycle

A

Host cell stays alive after replication
Viral genome is integrated into host’s genome

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11
Q

Transforming interaction

A

Viral genome is integrated into host’s genome
Integration alters host cell growth and morphology
Cancer-like cell

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12
Q

Two cancer-like cells

A

Epstein-Barr and HPV

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13
Q

The viral replication cycle of animal viruses

A

1 attachment or absorption
2 penetration or entry
3 uncoating
4 biosynthesis
5 maturation or assembly
6 release

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14
Q

the step with the major difference between RNA and DNA viruses.

A

Biosynthesis
Where and how proteins are made

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15
Q

Lysogenic steps

A

1 attachment or absorption
2 penetration or entry
3 uncoating
4 INTEGRATING INTO THE CELL
5 biosynthesis
6 maturation or assembly
7 release

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16
Q

Viral particle attaches to host cell via specific _____

A

Receptors
On the surface of the host cell

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17
Q

Some proteins and glycoproteins on host cell membrane can function as ____

A

Receptors for some viruses

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18
Q

Viral particle have attachment sites made of ___ or fibers that bind these receptors.

A

Spikes

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19
Q

naked viruses

A

Neucleocapsid

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20
Q

Enveloped viruses

A

Envelope on spikes

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21
Q

Can a virus effect all cell types?

A

No, they can only effect a few or one cell type but NOT ALL.

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22
Q

Are there many antivirals to block the attachment step?

A

No

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23
Q

What is the most difficult step of the replication cycle?

A

Penetration

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24
Q

In the penetration stage, what is happening?

A

A viral nucleic acid is inserted into the host cell

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25
Q

What are the two ways of entering a cell for a virus?

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis
Fission of viral envelope and plasma membrane

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26
Q

After fusion of the viral envelope and plasma membrane, what happens?

A

The viral nucleocapsid enters the cytoplasm

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27
Q

Nucelocapsid is made up of

A

Nucleic acid with capisid

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28
Q

What type of virus can enter a cell via endocytosis?

A

Naked and enveloped

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29
Q

What is the “coat”?

A

Capsid of the virus

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30
Q

Uncoating is the

A

Separation of nucleic acid from the protein capsid coat

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31
Q

____ have attachment points and enters through endocytosis.

A

Naked

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32
Q

____ have receptors and enters through endocytosis and fusion.

A

Enveloped

33
Q

What step is the “machinery” taken over?

A

Synthesis

34
Q

Two new things being generated during biosynthesis.

A

New nucleic acids and new proteins

35
Q

Where do DNA viruses replicate?

A

The nucleus

36
Q

What is the exception(s) to DNA replication? Where does it replicate instead of the nucleus?

A

Poxviruses
Replicates in the cytoplasm

37
Q

The only completely irradiated virus.

A

Small pox

38
Q

Current strain of the pox.

A

Monkey pox

39
Q

RNA viruses replicate in

A

The cytoplasm

40
Q

What is the exception(s) to RNA replication? Where does it replicate instead of the cytoplasm?

A

Retroviruses and orthomyxoviruses
Replicates in the nucleus

41
Q

RNA viruses use what to replicate

A

RNA dependent RNA polymerase

42
Q

DNA viruses use what to replicate

A

DNA dependent DNA polymerase

43
Q

During the maturation or assembly stage, what is happening?

A

Assembly of capsomers into capsid
Newly synthesized viral DNA is inserted into the newly made capsids to form new virions

44
Q

Nuclear membranes are made of

A

Phospholipids

45
Q

Naked viruses usually released from host cell by

A

Lysing the cell

46
Q

Lysing the cell means

A

Host cell dies

47
Q

Enveloped viruses usually ___ out of the cell.

A

Bud

48
Q

What happens are the viruses buds out of the cell

A

They acquire their envelope from the host cell plasma membrane.

49
Q

Do naked viruses bud?

A

No, they do not need an envelope.

50
Q

When the DNA from the virus remains in the host’s genome, what is the host now called?

A

Provirus

51
Q

Once a cell becomes a provirus will it always be a provirus?

A

YES, you cannot remove the code from the cell’s genome.

52
Q

AIDS stands for

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

53
Q

How long on average does it take for HIV to become AIDS?

A

10 years

54
Q

How come people don’t know they have AIDS until its too late?

A

Because no symptoms present for them

55
Q

During viral latency what happens

A

No apparent disease occurs during this time

56
Q

2 examples of viral latency

A

HSV-1 (simplexvirus)
Varivellovirus (chicken pox—>shingles)

57
Q

EBV is

A

Epstein-Barr virus associated with African Burrito’s Lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

58
Q

HBV is

A

Hepatitis B virus associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)

59
Q

HPV is

A

Human papilloma virus associated with cervical cancer

59
Q

HPV is

A

Human papilloma virus associated with cervical cancer

60
Q

Chicken pox can later turn into

A

Shingles

61
Q

Causes cancer in humans
Human t-cell lymphotrophic virus

A

HTLV-1 and HTLV-2

62
Q

ONCO=

A

Tumor

63
Q

ONCOGENE=

A

Tumor gene

64
Q

Oncogenes virus =

A

A virus that promotes tumor formation

65
Q

oncogenes viruses integrate in the

A

host chromosome causing transformation of cells

66
Q

the prions are AKA

A

PROteinaceous INfectious particles

67
Q

Who identified prions first and when?

A

Stanley Prusiner in 1982

68
Q

Prion diseases

A

Kuru
Creuztfel-Jacob
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad Cow disease)
All neurological diseases, spongy appearance of the brain

69
Q

Are all prion diseases fatal?

A

Yes

70
Q

Are prion disease slow or fast?

A

Slow viral infection

71
Q

PrPc

A

Normal cellular protein

72
Q

PrPSc

A

Scrapie protein; accumulates in brain cells, forming plaques

73
Q

what are prions solely made of

A

Proteins

74
Q

Prions go to the ___, and cause brain damage.

A

Brain

75
Q

What do prions do?

A

Converts the normal protein to an infectious abnormal protein.

76
Q

PrPSc converts the ____ to PrPSc.

A

PrPc

77
Q

The new PrPSc is taken in by _____.

A

Endocytosis

78
Q

Do enveloped viruses start out with an envelope?

A

NO! Viruses cannot make their own envelope. Enveloped viruses get it from the host plasma membrane.

Microbiology Exam 3 (8 decks)

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