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Microbiology Exam 3 > Viruses Part 1 > Flashcards

Viruses Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Viruses is Latin for

A

Poison

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2
Q

Viruses infect

A

bacteria, fungi, plants and animals

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3
Q

In 1892, Iwanoski- tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

A

Filtrate of diseased plant contained infectious material
Filtrate did not contain bacteria…smaller than bacteria

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4
Q

1898- Beijernick- continued TMV experiments

A

Last plant contaminated as severely as the first
Infectious material replicating inside plant

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5
Q

Viruses are

A

Obligate intracellular parasites
Requires a host
Not living

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6
Q

In order for viruses to replicate what they must do?

A

Infect a living cell

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7
Q

Viruses cannot grow on

A

Agar plates

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8
Q

Virus that infects a bacteria

A

Bacteriophage

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9
Q

Viruses are macroscopic. (T/F)

A

False, they are microscopic.

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10
Q

Viruses are how small?

A

<0.3 um, filterable

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11
Q

“Filterable agents”

A

viruses, they will go through most filterable papers

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12
Q

To see a viruses you need a

A

ELECTRON microscope

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13
Q

Do viruses have both DNA and RNA?

A

NO, but there are DNA viruses and RNA viruses.

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14
Q

What components of the cell does the virus use to replicate?

A

Energy, ATP, neucltodides, enzymes

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15
Q

The extra layer protecting viruses

A

Capsules

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16
Q

Two bacteria similar to viruses

A

Rickettsias and chlamydias

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17
Q

Are viruses sensitive to antibiotics?

A

NO, they are ineffective.

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18
Q

Complete infectious particle

A

Virion

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19
Q

Contain a single type of nucleic acid

A

Genome

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20
Q

Can DNA and RNA be double stranded and single stranded?

A

Yes, very different from bacteria.

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21
Q

Three classifications of structure

A

Based on nucleic acid content
Capsid
Envelope

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22
Q

Envelopes are made of

A

Phospholipids

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23
Q

Capsules are made of

A

Proteins

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24
Q

Enveloped viruses

A

Viruses that have envelopes

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25
Q

Nonenveloped viruses or naked viruses

A

Viruses that do not have envelopes

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26
Q

Ss RNA genomes have a ____.

A

Polarity

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27
Q

A negative sense RNA does not have the message to make proteins it must first be copied to be a ____.

A

Positive

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28
Q

Can go in the cell and directly function as mRNA

A

+RNA

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29
Q

Must first be transcripbed into a +RNA strand which then serves as the mRNA

A

-RNA

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30
Q

RNA transcribed into DNA inside the host

A

Retroviruses

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31
Q

Example of a Retrovirus

A

HIV

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32
Q

In rabies viruses what is the capsule shaped as?

A

A bullet

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33
Q

Do all viruses have capsules surrounding their nucleic acids?

A

yes

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34
Q

Three shapes of viruses

A

Helical
Polyhedral
Complex

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35
Q

Protein coat surrounding the nuclei acid

A

Capsid

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36
Q

Each capsid is composed of units called

A

Capsomers

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37
Q

Do capsomers have just one protein?

A

Yes and no. May be of one protein of several different proteins.

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38
Q

Describe helical symmetry

A

look like a long rod
Many copies of the same protein wrapped in a helix
Nucleic acid surrounded by hollow, helical, cylindrical capsid

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39
Q

Two examples of nucleic acid surround by a hollow, helical, cylindrical capsid

A

TMV (tobacco mosaic virus) and rabies virus

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40
Q

Polyhedral symmetry

A

Many sides

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41
Q

Complex symmetry

A

complicated structures, often bacteriophages

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42
Q

Isoachedral

A

regular polygon with 20 sides with 12 corners
Each side- equilateral triangle

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43
Q

Three viruses of Isoachedral

A

Polio, adenovirus, herpes virus

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44
Q

Bacteriophages have what three things?

A

Capsid, tail and sheath

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45
Q

Does the pox virus have a capsid

A

no

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46
Q

Example of spikes

A

COVID

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47
Q

Viral glycoproteins found in many envelopes are called

A

Peplomers or spikes

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48
Q

Classified by host

A

Plant, animal, or bacteriophage

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49
Q

classified by disease caused

A

Respiratory diseases, enteric viruses

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50
Q

Classified according to structure

A

Nucleic acid type, replication strategy, morphology

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51
Q

Viridae=

A

Family

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52
Q

“Species” -

A

Group of viruses

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53
Q

What qualifies a virus in a species?

A

Have same nucleic acid and infect same host cells

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54
Q

6 DNA families of viruses

A

Parvoviridae, andenoviridae, papovaviridae, proxviriade, hepadnaviridae, herpesviridae

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55
Q

The Human parvovirus, B19 is an example of

A

Parvoviridae

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56
Q

Parvoviridae causes

A

gastroenteritis, fetal death, fifth disease

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57
Q

Are viruses prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

NEITHER

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58
Q

Causes respiratory diseases

A

Adenoviridae

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59
Q

PA- papilloma causes

A

Warts

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60
Q

PO- polyoma causes

A

tumors

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61
Q

The only virus Family that has ssDNA

A

Parvoviridae

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62
Q

VA- vacuolating causes

A

Causes vacuoles in host

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63
Q

HPV causes

A

Warts, cervical cancer

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64
Q

HPV is an example of what family

A

Papovaviridae, VA- vacuolating

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65
Q

Largest of all of the the viruses

A

Poxviridae

66
Q

What is unique about small pox?

A

The only disease completely eradicated from the world.

67
Q

Two examples of poxviridae

A

Smallpox virus (variola) and cowpox (vaccinia)

68
Q

Hep B virus is an example of what family

A

Hepadnaviridae

69
Q

Monkey pox is part of what family

A

Poxviridae

70
Q

Very large viruses, become latent, ubiquitous in animals

A

Herpesviridae

71
Q

HHV 1 and HHV 2 examples and what it does

A

Simplexvirus; causes cold sores and genital herpes

72
Q

Can you be cured from a herpes virus?

A

NOOOOO, it cannot leave your body! It can laying dormant and reactivated again and again.

73
Q

What does latent mean?

A

Never leave the body, lays dormant and can be reactivated OVER AND OVER AGAIN

74
Q

What can activate a latent virus?

A

Immuosupression, stress, surgeries, etc.

75
Q

HHV 3 example and causes

A

Varicellovirus; causes chicken pox, shingles

76
Q

HHV 4 viruses and causes

A

lymphocryptovirus- EBV (Epstein Barr virus) Causes mononucleosis

77
Q

HHV 6 and HHV 7 virus

A

Roseolovirus

78
Q

HHV 5 virus

A

Cytomegalovirus

79
Q

HHV 8 virus and causes

A

Rhadinovirus; causes Kaposi’s sarcoma

80
Q

How are herpes simplex infection transmitted

A

Oral or respiratory tract

81
Q

Causes cold sores

A

HHV 1

82
Q

HHV 1 lay dormant in what

A

In trigeminal nerve ganglion

83
Q

HHV 1 or HHV 2 is sexually transmitted

A

HHV 2

84
Q

HHV 2 lays dormant in

A

Sacral nerve ganglion

85
Q

Genital herpes is HHV 1 or 2

A

2

86
Q

What can also cause genital herpes

A

HSV 1

87
Q

Symptoms of genital herpes

A

Vesicles at site of entry - 1 week after exposure
Vesicle are infectious and painful
Virus is latent in sacral ganglia— reactivates—new vesicles
Reactivating occur from stress, hormonal changes, illness

88
Q

Neonatal herpes is HHV 1 or HHV 2

A

2

89
Q

How are neonatal herpes transmitted

A

Cross the placenta and infect fetus, or infant acquires during birth IF mother has blister time of delivery

90
Q

RNA families of viruses

A

Pricornaviridae, togaviridae, coronaviridae, orthomyxoviridae, flavivridase, retroviridae, Paramyxoviridae, rhabdoviridae, fliboviridae, Reoviridae

91
Q

PICO =

A

Very small

92
Q

3 examples of viruses under picornavirdidae family

A

Coxsackieviruses, enteroviruses, rhinoviruses

93
Q

rhino=

A

Nose

94
Q

Example of an enteroviruses and what it effects

A

Intestines, Hep A (HAV)- acute hepatitis

95
Q

Rhinoviruses are the

A

Common cold

96
Q

COVID 19 is from where

A

China

97
Q

How is COVID transmitted

A

Droplets and airborne

98
Q

The VERY distinctive symptom of COVID 19

A

Loss of taste or smell

99
Q

TOGA=

A

Cloaked or enveloped

100
Q

How are togaviridae transmitted

A

Arthropods (mosquitoes)

101
Q

Two examples of togaviridae viruses

A

Arboviruses
Rubiviruses

102
Q

Rubivruses are transmitted by

A

Respiratory

103
Q

Rubella is under what virus and what is it

A

German measles, Rubiviruses

104
Q

Example of arboviruses

A

Encephalitis viruses

105
Q

Examples of coronaviridae

A

Common cold, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19)

106
Q

3 FDA approved for emergency use (USA) for COVID-19

A
  1. Pfizer: m-RNA
  2. Moderna: m-RNA
  3. Johnson and Johnson: viral vector
107
Q

Can RNA go into the nucleus of the cell?

A

NO

108
Q

Influenza is under what family of RNA

A

Orthomyxoviridae

109
Q

“Straight”

A

Orthomyxoviridae

110
Q

Is orthomyxoviridae segmented?

A

Yes

111
Q

Is orthomyxoviridae enveloped?

A

Yes

112
Q

Can infect swine, birds, and horses.

A

Influenza A

113
Q

SS RNA is divided into how many segments?

A

8

114
Q

Type B influenza is mainly in

A

Animals

115
Q

The most common type of Influenza is what and found where?

A

Type A, found in animals and humans

116
Q

What shape is the 8 segments of ssRNA?

A

Helical

117
Q

The protein spikes are called

A

Peplomers

118
Q

H=
And its role
How many variations

A

Hemagglutinin
Attachment
18

119
Q

N=
And its role
How many variations

A

Neuraminidase
Release from host cell
11

120
Q

Two types of changes in influenza antigenic variations.

A

Antigenic drift
Antigenic shift

121
Q

Antigenic drift

A

Small point mutations affection the H and N constantly. The new subtype is slightly different than the parent and is usually responsible for the new epidemics or sales occurring yearly.

122
Q

Antigenic drift affects what Peplomers?

A

H and N

123
Q

Antigenic shift

A

A sudden and major change in the H and/or N antigens creating a new strain. This is due to a major recombination occurring when 2 stains of viruses infect the same cells.

124
Q

Usually cause pandemics

A

Antigenic shift

125
Q

(Think of pigs) Usually the best mixing vessel for antigenic shifts.

A

Swine cell

126
Q

Antigenic shift affects what Peplomers?

A

H and/or N

127
Q

the “mixing bowl” for reassortment of avian and human viruses.

A

Pigs

128
Q

UNTIL NOW _____ is unable to efficiently effect humans.

A

Bird flu

129
Q

Where did the Spanish Flu originate from?

A

US of A
Likely Kansas

130
Q

What does the 1918 influenza virus cause

A

Severe viral pneumonia
Came on in just a few days, death shortly follows
Lungs massively hemorrhaged or filled with fluid

131
Q

The 1918 Spanish Flu has higher activation of genes with

A

T-cells and macrophages
Tissue injury, oxidative damage, apoptosis

132
Q

Apoptosis

A

The death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development

133
Q

What induced a cytokine storm?

A

The 1918 Spanish flu

134
Q

H1N1 is AKA

A

Swine flu

135
Q

Prevention of Swine flu

A

Killed and live attenuated vaccines are available

136
Q

Which major virus of 2009 had a low mortality rate but an extremely high infection rate?

A

H1N1 (swine flu)

137
Q

Influenza is transmitted by

A

Droplets and hands

138
Q

How does the influenza virus attach

A

Via H to Salic acid receptors on cells

139
Q

What happens within 1-3 days of influenza infections

A

Cytokines release
This causes:
Chills, fever, malaise, muscle aches, runny nose and cough

140
Q

Neuraminidase inhibitors AKA

A

Tamiflu

141
Q

What does tamiflu do

A

The replication is blocked by neuraminidase inhibitors which prevents virons from being released from the surface of infected cells.

142
Q

How are influenza vaccines grown

A

In eggs or in a cell culture

143
Q

What will you be asked when you get an influenza vaccine?

A

Are you allergic to eggs?

144
Q

Flumist

A

A live attenuated viral vaccine that is given intranasal for influenza.

145
Q

New vaccines for influenza

A

Cell based and recombinant H glycoprotein has been approved by the CDC (no whole virus)

146
Q

Why will we never be able to irradiate Influenza?

A

Because any virus that lives in animals AND humans will always have a reservoir to live in.

147
Q

Other measures (besides vaccinations) for influenza.

A

Wearing masks
Hand washing
Social distancing

148
Q

Reverse transcriptions

A

Starts as RNA and changes to DNA

149
Q

The enzyme for reverse transcriptions that makes DNA intermediate to inset into host chromosomes.

A

Reverse transcriptase

150
Q

Why can’t HIV be cured?

A

Because the genome of viruses will remain in their DNA forever.

151
Q

RNA tumor viruses

A

Oncoviruses

152
Q

HTLV-1

A

Leukemia viruses

153
Q

Three examples of retroviridae viruses

A

Oncoviruses, leukemia viruses, HVI

154
Q

Paramyxoviridae -a way to remember

A

“Near” + “mucus”

155
Q

3 paramyxoviridae viruses

A

Mumps, measles, parainfluenza

156
Q

Rubeola virus

A

Measles

157
Q

The only DS RNA!!!!

A

Reovirdiae

158
Q

Reovirdae
R=

A

Respiratory diseases

159
Q

Reovirdae
E=

A

Enteric diseases

160
Q

Reovirdae
O=

A

Orphan- not associated with any diesaes

161
Q

2 Orphan Reovirdae viruses

A

Rota virus -severe diarrhea in young children
Colorado tick fever virus

Microbiology Exam 3 (8 decks)

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