Viruses & Other Acellular Entities I Flashcards
Viruses have an ________________ stage in their life cycle
Acellular
Viruses alternate between two states in their life cycles. What are they?
The actively replicating state
The virion, a biologically inert structure or a single virus outside of the cell
At its simplest, the virion consists of a ______________ of protein molecules and a bit of nucleic acid that can be either DNA or RNA
Capsid
An ___________________ is an additional membrane that surrounds the capsid
Envelope
Non-eveloped viruses consist of a ________________ only while an enveloped virus has a phospholipid bilayer membrane with virus-encoded proteins surrounding the ______________
Nucleocapsid
Nucleocapsid
Virions contain one or more ___________________ of either DNA or RNA, double-stranded or single-stranded
Chromosomes
Most of the time, viral genomes have all genes on a single nucleic acid, but sometimes the genome is divided among several separate molecules to form a __________________ genome
Segmented
The basic structure of the genome of a given virus is ______________
Constant
What is a naked virus?
An enveloped virus that has lost its envelope
Why are viral genomes generally small?
Because they do not encode most of the machinery needed for multiplication - the host cell provides most of the genetic information needed by the virus
Virions do not possess genes that contain four things - what are they?
- Encode structural proteins of the virus
- Proteins necessary for the replication of viral nucleic acid and virion assembly (not encoded in host genome)
- Regulatory proteins
- Proteins that help progeny viruses escape from host cell
The replicating form of the virus requires the combined genomes of ____________ and __________
Virion
Host cell
Viral capsids are usually ______________
Symmetrical
There are three types of symmetry in viral capsids. What are they?
- A cynlindrical or tubular capsid
- A nearly spherical polyhedral/icosahedral capsid
- A binal capsids (bactiophages)
What does “binal” mean?
Twofold
An icosahedral capsid has ____________ triangular faces
20
Binal capsids consist of both forms of symmetry: a ___________________ capsid containing nucleic acid is joined to a _____________ tail that functions in injecting nucleic acid into host
Icosahedral
Cylindrical
How are envelopes obtained?
Budding
From where does a viral envelope originate?
The host phospholipid bilayer
The envelope proteins are all __________ encoded
Virus
How does budding occur?
- Membrane proteins are synthesized from viral mRNA on ribosomes bound to the ER and sorted through the Golgi to the cell membrane
- The nucleocapsid binds to the viral envelope proteins in the membrane and buds off
Viral budding can occur on the cell membrane or the ____________ membrane or _______, in which case the virion winds up in the lumen of the ER
Nuclear membrane
ER
Virus multiplication is a ___-stage process
Five
What are the five steps of virus multiplication?
Attachment
Penetration
Macromolecular synthesis
Assembly
Release