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Microbiology > Chapter 7A - Microbial Metabolism: Fermentation & Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 7A - Microbial Metabolism: Fermentation & Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What does “-troph” mean?

A

Nourish

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2
Q

In Greek, -trophos means one who ______________.

A

Nourishes

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3
Q

Microbiologists conventionally divide microbes into categories based on their preferred ________________ source (organic or carbon dioxide) and ________________ source (chemical compounds or light).

A

Carbon

Energy

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4
Q

Chemotrophs use chemical compounds as their ________________ source; ________________ use light. Autotrophs use ________________ ________________ as their carbon source; ___________________ use organic compounds.

A

Energy

Phototrophs

Carbon dioxide

Heterotrophs

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5
Q

What is a chemotroph?

A

An organism that uses organiccompounds as energy sources

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6
Q

What is a chemoorganotroph?

A

A chemotroph that also uses organic compounds to attain carbon molecules for cellular function

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7
Q

What is a chemolithotroph?

A

An organism that is able to use inorganic reduced compounds as a source of energy

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8
Q

What is a phototroph?

A

An organism that uses light as an energy source

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9
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An organism that uses carbon dioxide as a carbon source

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10
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

An organism that uses organic compounds as a carbon source

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11
Q

There are four nutrition categories under which microbes can be divided. What are they?

A

(1) Chemoheterotrophs (2) Chemoautotrophs (3) Photoautotrophs (4) Photoheterotrophs

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12
Q

Into which nutrition category do most microbes fall?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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13
Q

Chemoheterotrophs use _________________ _________________ _________________ as their energy sources and organic carbon as their carbon sources.

A

Oxidized chemical compounds

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14
Q

Chemoautotrophs use _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ as their energy sources and _____________ _____________ as their carbon source.

A

Oxidized inorganic chemical compounds Carbon dioxide

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15
Q

Photoautotrophs use ______________ as their energy source and _______________ _______________ as their carbon source.

A

Light Carbon dioxide

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16
Q

Into which category of nutrient metabolism do bacteria and eukarya that contain chloroplasts fall?

A

Photoautotrophs

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17
Q

Photoheterotrophs use _______________ as their energy source and _______________ _______________ as their carbon sources.

A

Light

Organic compounds

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18
Q

Microbial metabolism can be based upon source of nutrition and relationship to what molecule?

A

Oxygen

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19
Q

_________________ are organisms that have adapted to growth in the presence of air, which is approximately 20% oxygen.

A

Aerobes

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20
Q

__________________ are organisms that have no or reduced protective mechanisms against the toxic effects of oxygen and therefore live in habitats from which oxygen is excluded.

A

Anaerobes

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21
Q

What are three types of aerobic metabolism?

A
  1. Aerobic respiration
  2. Oxygenic photosynthesis
  3. Anoxygenic photosynthesis
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22
Q

What are three types of anaerobic metabolism?

A
  1. Fermentation
  2. Anaerobic respiration
  3. Anoxygenic photosynthesis
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23
Q

What is anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A

A type of photosynthesis in which the final electron donor is something other than water and no oxygen is produced

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24
Q

“Anoxygenic” literally means…?

A

Without oxygen produced/caused by/related to a gene

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25
Q

What is oxygenic photosynthesis?

A

A type of photosynthesis in which water is used as an electron donor and produces oxygen

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26
Q

What does respiration mean?

A

A process in living organisms involving the production of energy from the oxidation of complex organic substances

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27
Q

__________________________ refers to the oxidation of a compound with a terminal electron acceptor that is usually accompanied with ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation

A

Respiration

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28
Q

___________________ refers to catabolic reactions producing ATP in which organic compounds serve as primary electron donors and ultimate electron acceptors; ATP is produced via substrate-level phosophorylation, and they is no need for external electron acceptors.

A

Fermentation

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29
Q

Is glycolysis considered fermentation?

A

Yes, technically it is fermentation

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30
Q

Can microbes switch from one category of metabolism to another?

A

Yes, depending upon environmental conditions

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31
Q

What term is used to designate organisms that can use two or more modes of metabolism?

A

Facultative

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32
Q

What term means the opposite of facultative?

A

Obligate

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33
Q

Many ___________________________ use aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen and fermentation or anaerobic respiration when oxygen is absent.

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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34
Q

Some bacteria can grow anaerobically in light, using ___________________ _____________________, or aerobically as chemoheterotrophs, using _________________ _______________________, like Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

A

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

Aerobic respiration

35
Q

What is a diazotroph?

A

Diazotrophs are bacteria and archaea that fix atmospheric nitrogen gas into a more usable form such as ammonia. A diazotroph is a microorganism that is able to grow without external sources of fixed nitrogen

36
Q

The biochemical pathways of interconversion of small organic compounds are collectively termed ______________ ____________________ and are present in all cells.

A

Central metabolism

37
Q

What is a precursor metabolite?

A

A small organic compound used as a monomer for macromolecule synthesis or a building block for lipid synthesis

38
Q

True or false?

The pathways of central metabolism, biosynthesis, and macromolecule assembly are nearly identical in all organisms.

A

True

39
Q

What three pathways are considered to be a part of central metabolism?

A
  1. Glycolytic pathway
  2. Pentose phosphate pathway
  3. Citric acid cycle pathway
40
Q

Which pathway is not considered a part of central metabolism?

A

The oxoglutarate dehydrogenase pathway

41
Q

Many organisms lack the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme of the TCA. In them the enzymes of the TCA are organized into two separate branches, leading to __________________ and _____________ respectively.

A

Oxoglutarate/alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Succinyl-CoA

42
Q

Glycolysis provides _______________ and metabolic _________________ for anabolic and catabolic processes.

A

Energy

Metabolic intermediates

43
Q

The ________________ ________________ ________________ provides reducing power, nucleic acid precursors, and metabolic intermediates for glycolysis.

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

44
Q

The pentose phosphate pathway provides reducing power via what molecule?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)

45
Q

What molecule does the pentose phosphate pathway produce that is used for the synthesis of nucleic acids?

A

Ribose-5-phosphate

46
Q

What is the importance of erthyrose-4-phosphate in the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Erthyrose-4-phosphate is a produce that can be used to build aromatic amino acids

47
Q

The ________________ ______________ ________________ yields electron carriers and anabolic precursors.

A

Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) pathway

48
Q

What enzyme is not considered a part of central metabolism?

A

Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase

49
Q

What is the importance of NADPH?

A

Reducing power

50
Q

______________________ provides energy and intermediates for anabolism.

A

Glycolysis

51
Q

The _______________ _________________ ____________ provides reducing power, ribose-5-phosphate (nucleic acid), erthryose-4-phosphate (aromatic amino acids) and sugar interconversion.

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

52
Q

Parts of the __________________ _____________________ _____________________ provide electron carriers for the production of ATP in respiration and precursors for anabolism.

A

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

53
Q

The __________________-______________pathway describes an alternate series of reactions that catabolize glucose to pyruvate using a set of enzymes different from those used in either glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway.

A

Entner-Doudoroff

54
Q

Glycolysis as generally taught is also known as the ________________-________________ or Parnas pathway.

A

Embden-Meyerhof

55
Q

There are three distinct features of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. What are they?

A
  1. Occurs only in prokaryotes
  2. Uses 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and 2-keto-3-deoxyphosphogluconate aldolase to create pyruvate from glucose
  3. Yields (net) 1 NADPH, 1 NADH, and 1 ATP
56
Q

What glycolytic enzyme do prokaryotes that use the Entner-Duodoroff pathway often lack?

A

Phosphofructokinase-1

57
Q

What species discussed in class uses the Entner-Douodorff pathway?

A

Pseudomonas putida

58
Q

_______________________ __________________ lacks 6-phosphofructokinase and therefore cannot enter the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. In fact, even when transfected with the phosphofructokinase gene, this species will still use the Entner-Doudorff pathway.

A

Pseudomonas putida

59
Q

The pathways of central metabolism, biosynthesis and macromolecular assembly are nearly identical in all organisms. This commonaltiy, often termed the _________________ __ __________________, has been used as evidence for the descent of all life on earth from a single common ancestor.

A

Unity of biochemistry

60
Q

What enzyme of the TCA is principally found in aerobic chemoheterotrophs?

A

Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase/alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

61
Q

Is the TCA ubiquitous in nature?

A

No, it is not

62
Q

In organsims that lack oxoglutarate dehydrogenase/alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, how is the TCA used?

A

TCA enzymes are strictly used for biosynthetic purposes, and they have two branches of TCA enzymes

63
Q

What is the role of TCA in aerobes?

A

It provides reducing power and electron carriers and can be used for the biosynthesis of amino acids

64
Q

Can anaerobes without the TCA still respire?

A

Yes, oxygen is not necessarily needed for respiration

65
Q

___________________________ normally use the same organic compound for both biosynthesis and respiration.

A

Chemoheterotrophs

66
Q

In chemoheterotrophs, the organic carbon souce can be used to general energy via ____________________ _____________________ or chemiosmosis and to build precursor metabolites.

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

67
Q

In respiration, how much of the carbon is used for energy and biosynthesis?

A

1/2 of the carbon is used for energy and byproducts; the other half is used for biosynthesis

68
Q

Why is fermentation less effective at producing ATP per mole of substrate?

A

Because fermentation typicalyl generates much less ATP per mole of substrate, fermentative microbes typically ferment about 90% if an organic compound, assimilating only 10% of it

69
Q

What is the first step in the degradation of most organic matter for prokaryotes?

A

Hydrolysis to monomers

70
Q

How do eukaryotic microbes typically hydrolyze organic matter into monomers?

A

Hydrolysis occurs within phagolysosomes during intracellular digestion; the monomers are then taken into the cytosol by permeases in the phagolysosome membrane

71
Q

How do prokaryotic microbes typically hydrolyze organic matter into monomers?

A

Via secretion of extracellular hydrolyases; the monomers are then taken up by active transport

72
Q

Do members of the fungi kingdom use phagolysosomes to hydrolyze organic matter?

A

No, they do not

73
Q

Most solute transport by prokaryotes is by ____________ transport.

A

Active transport

74
Q

What must prokaryotes use as active transport?

A

Environments are low in nutrients

75
Q

Why are prokaryotic environments often nutrient deficient?

A

Because of the use of high-affinity permeases; in almost all habitats, almost all of the available soluble nutrients have been assimilated into microbial cells or oxidized to CO2

76
Q

How is active transport accomplished by prokaryotes?

A

High-affinity permeases that concentrate the compounds taken up

77
Q

What types of transport are available to cells? What is/are the differences between them?

A
78
Q

In many bacteria, how is sugar uptake accomplished?

A

The phosphotransferase system

79
Q

What type of transport is the phosphotransferase system?

A

Active transport as it allows movement against a concentration gradient

80
Q

What are the four general steps to the phosphotransferase system?

A
  1. Enzyme I phosphorylates itself, using PEP as the high-energy phosphate donor
  2. Enzyme I transfers the phosphate to a small protein called Hpr
  3. Hpr transfers the phosphate to one of many different specific sugar permeases in the membrane, called Enzyme II
  4. The permease transfers the phosphate to the sugar during transfer into the cell
81
Q

The phosphotransferase system operates via what type of mechanism?

A

Group translocation

82
Q

Cells interconvert between two forms of energy. What are they?

A

An ionic potential and ATP

83
Q

All cells need chemical energy in the form of ATP, GTP, PEP, and some others. ATP is used in most energy-requiring reactions of biosynthesis. ____ and ___ are frequently used in macromolecular assembly reactions while PEP is used in many transport reactions.

A

GTP

GTP

84
Q

Why is phosphorylation important in the phosphtransferase system?

A

It maintains the concentration gradient required and charges sugar molecules so that they can enter central metabolism

Microbiology (15 decks)

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