Chapter 00 - Antimicrobials Flashcards
Who discovered penicilin?
Alexander Fleming
What is a drug?
Any chemical that affects physiology in any manner
A drug that acts against diseases is called a _____________________ ___________.
Chemotherapeutic agent
A drug that treats infections is called a _______________ _______.
Antimicrobial agent
There are three classes of antimicrobials. What are they?
Antibiotics, antivirals, and antigungals
Who discovered that arsenic killed trypanosomes and treponemes?
Paul Ehrlich
Penicillin is a natural compound released from the fungus ____________________.
Penicillium
____________________ are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by organisms.
Antibiotics
Who used sulfanilamides to treat a wide array of infections?
Gerhard Domagk
___________________ are antimicrobial agents that have been altered chemically from their natural forms to last longer or to be more effective.
Semisynthetics
____________________ are drugs that are made completely made in the lab.
Synthetics
What is the key to antimicrobial action?
Selective toxicity
_________________ drugs constitute the largest number and diversity of the antimicrobial agents.
Antibacterial
There are only six ways in which antibiotics work. What are these?
- Inhibit cell wall synthesis
- Inhibit protein synthesis
- Disrupt cytoplasmic membranes
- Inhibit general metabolic pathways
- Inhibit DNA or RNA synthesis
- Inhibit pathogenic attachment to or recognition of host cell
The ___________ ______ protects the cell wall from
insert
Most common antibacterial agents act by preventing cross-linkage of __________ subunits.
NAM
What are four reasons why beta-lactams are synthetically altered?
1.
______________________ and ___________________ interfere with particular alanine-alanine bridges that link NAM subunits in many gram-positive bacteria.
Vancomycin
Cycloserine
_____________________ blocks secretion of NAG and NAM from the cytoplasm.
Bacitracin
__________________ and _________________ disrupt formation of arabinogalactan-mycolic acid in mycobacterial species.
Isoniazid
Ethambutol
_____________ ________ is the waxy substance that makes mycobacterium acid-fast.
Mycolic acid
Antibiotic drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis prevent the bacteria from increasing amounts of ________________, but they have no effect on existing layers; therefore, they are only effective with
Cephalosporins are a large group of antibiotics derived from the mold Acremonium (previously called Cephalosporium). Cephalosporins are bactericidal (kill bacteria) and work in a similar way to penicillins.
How do drugs work to inhibit protein synthesis?
Targeting prokaryotic ribosomal subunits, which are generally smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes
________________________ cause changes in 30S ribosomal subunit, resulting in ribosome misreading mRNA.
Aminoglycocides
_______________________ blocks the docking site of tRNA by binding A site and preventing other tRNA molecules from entering A site.
Tetracycline
______________________ inihbits peptidyl trANSferase activity of 50S subunit.
Chloramphenicol
__________________ inhibit peptidyl transferase activity and bind to end of ribosome, preventing its ability from translocation.
Macrolides
_________________ or neosporin and streptomycin are aminoglycosides that bind the 30S subunit, resulting in misreading of mRNA transcripts.
Neomycin
Azithromycin is a type of _____________, which binds to the 50S subunit and inhibits peptidyl transferase and/or translocation.
Macrolides
