Chapter 00 - Antimicrobials

Question 1

Who discovered penicilin?

Answer 1

Alexander Fleming

Question 2

What is a drug?

Answer 2

Any chemical that affects physiology in any manner

Question 3

A drug that acts against diseases is called a _____________________ ___________.

Answer 3

Chemotherapeutic agent

Question 4

A drug that treats infections is called a _______________ _______.

Answer 4

Antimicrobial agent

Question 5

There are three classes of antimicrobials. What are they?

Answer 5

Antibiotics, antivirals, and antigungals

Question 6

Who discovered that arsenic killed trypanosomes and treponemes?

Answer 6

Paul Ehrlich

Question 7

Penicillin is a natural compound released from the fungus ____________________.

Answer 7

Penicillium

Question 8

____________________ are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by organisms.

Answer 8

Antibiotics

Question 9

Who used sulfanilamides to treat a wide array of infections?

Answer 9

Gerhard Domagk

Question 10

___________________ are antimicrobial agents that have been altered chemically from their natural forms to last longer or to be more effective.

Answer 10

Semisynthetics

Question 11

____________________ are drugs that are made completely made in the lab.

Answer 11

Synthetics

Question 12

What is the key to antimicrobial action?

Answer 12

Selective toxicity

Question 13

_________________ drugs constitute the largest number and diversity of the antimicrobial agents.

Answer 13

Antibacterial

Question 14

There are only six ways in which antibiotics work. What are these?

Answer 14

1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
2. Inhibit protein synthesis
3. Disrupt cytoplasmic membranes
4. Inhibit general metabolic pathways
5. Inhibit DNA or RNA synthesis
6. Inhibit pathogenic attachment to or recognition of host cell

Question 15

The ___________ ______ protects the cell wall from

Question 16

insert

Question 17

Most common antibacterial agents act by preventing cross-linkage of __________ subunits.

Answer 17

NAM

Question 18

What are four reasons why beta-lactams are synthetically altered?

Answer 18

1.

Question 19

______________________ and ___________________ interfere with particular alanine-alanine bridges that link NAM subunits in many gram-positive bacteria.

Answer 19

Vancomycin

Cycloserine

Question 20

_____________________ blocks secretion of NAG and NAM from the cytoplasm.

Answer 20

Bacitracin

Question 21

__________________ and _________________ disrupt formation of arabinogalactan-mycolic acid in mycobacterial species.

Answer 21

Isoniazid

Ethambutol

Question 22

_____________ ________ is the waxy substance that makes mycobacterium acid-fast.

Answer 22

Mycolic acid

Question 23

Antibiotic drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis prevent the bacteria from increasing amounts of ________________, but they have no effect on existing layers; therefore, they are only effective with

Question 24

Cephalosporins are a large group of antibiotics derived from the mold Acremonium (previously called Cephalosporium). Cephalosporins are bactericidal (kill bacteria) and work in a similar way to penicillins.

Question 25

How do drugs work to inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 25

Targeting prokaryotic ribosomal subunits, which are generally smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes

Question 26

________________________ cause changes in 30S ribosomal subunit, resulting in ribosome misreading mRNA.

Answer 26

Aminoglycocides

Question 27

_______________________ blocks the docking site of tRNA by binding A site and preventing other tRNA molecules from entering A site.

Answer 27

Tetracycline

Question 28

______________________ inihbits peptidyl trANSferase activity of 50S subunit.

Answer 28

Chloramphenicol

Question 29

__________________ inhibit peptidyl transferase activity and bind to end of ribosome, preventing its ability from translocation.

Answer 29

Macrolides

Question 30

_________________ or neosporin and streptomycin are aminoglycosides that bind the 30S subunit, resulting in misreading of mRNA transcripts.

Answer 30

Neomycin

Question 31

Azithromycin is a type of _____________, which binds to the 50S subunit and inhibits peptidyl transferase and/or translocation.

Answer 31

Macrolides