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Med 103 > viruses > Flashcards

viruses Flashcards

1
Q

what does virus mean in latin

A

poison

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2
Q

true or false, viruses contain two types of nucleic acids in their genome

A

false, only DNA or RNA not both

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3
Q

what are viruses that infect other viruses called

A

virophage

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4
Q

…….. only infects humans and …….. only infects warm-blooded animals

A

poliovirus and rabiesvirus

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5
Q

what is the key step in viral life cycle

A

viral assembly. viruses do replicate by assembly

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6
Q

what does viral assembly involve

A

protein associations and interactions between the viral genome and capsid proteins

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7
Q

what are new virions called

A

daughter viruses or progeny virions

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8
Q

what is the protein shell, or coat, that encloses the nucleic acid genome

A

capsid

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9
Q

what are capsomeres

A

Morphologic units on the surface of icosahedral virus particles

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10
Q

what is the lipid-containing membrane that surrounds some virus particles acquired during viral maturation

A

envelope

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11
Q

what is the nucleocapsid

A

protein–nucleic acid complex representing the packaged form of the viral genome

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12
Q

what is a protomer

A

basic structural unit (basic protein building blocks of the coat). they self-assemble to form a capsomere and capsomeres self-assemble to form a capsid

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13
Q

what is the complete virus particle called

A

virion

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14
Q

what are viriods

A

Consist only of a short strand of circular RNA capable of self replication and don’t have a protein coat

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15
Q

Virusoids

A

non–self-replicating ssRNAs (require that the cell also be infected with a specific “helper” virus)

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16
Q

give one example of satellite RNA that infects humans as a virusoid

A

hepatitis delta virus (HDV)

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17
Q

what is a misfolded rogue form of a normal protein (PrPc) found in the cell

A

prions(PrPsc). Prions do not contain DNA or RNA

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18
Q

what are prions known to have caused

A

transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in animals and humans

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19
Q

which of these are highly resistant to inactivation by heat, formaldehyde, and ultraviolet light

a) virusoids
b) prions
c) viroids
d) virions

A

prions.

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20
Q

what is the seven basis of classification of viruses

A
  1. Virion morphology,
  2. Virus genome properties,
  3. Genome organization and replication,
  4. Virus protein properties,
  5. Antigenic properties.
  6. Physicochemical properties
  7. Biologic properties
    MGOPAPB
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21
Q

Virus family names have the suffix……….

A

viridae

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22
Q

Genus names carry the suffix……….

A

virus

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23
Q

what is the genus suffix of subfamily and order

A

virinae and virales

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24
Q

give an example of

a) dsDNA virus
b) ssDNA virus

A

a) herpesviridae

b) circoviridae

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25
Q

what family is Hepatitis B virus

A

hepadnaviridae

26
Q

DNA genomes reside in the nucleus except for what family of viruses

A

poxviruses

27
Q

what do late genes and early genes encode

A

early genes- DNA-binding proteins and enzymes

late genes- structural and other proteins

28
Q

give dsRNA viruses

A

Reoviridae

picornaviridae

29
Q

name negative strand ssRNAs

A

Orthomyxoviridae
Paramyxoviridae
Filoviridae
Arenaviridae

30
Q

which are not to mutations. RNA or DNA viruses

A

RNA viruses

31
Q

RNA viruses, except ………. must carry polymerases

A

(+) RNA genome

32
Q

which viruses are all enveloped

A

(−) RNA viruses

33
Q

which of the following is false

a) (+) RNA similar to mRNA
b) (−) RNA complementary to mRNA
c) (+) RNA can be immediately translated by host cell
d) (−) RNA can be immediately translated by host cell

A

d) becaucse (−) RNA has to be converted to (+) RNA in order to be translated by host cell

34
Q

give examples of enveloped viruses

A

HIV, HSV, influenza

35
Q

give examples of non-enveloped viruses

A

Norovirus, Parvovirus, HAV, HEV

36
Q

what structure in influenza agglutinates red blood cells

A

hemagglutinin

37
Q

what are the four groups of enzymes have been detected in the viruses

A

a. Neuraminidase
b. RNA polymerase
c. Reverse transcriptase
d. Enzymes of cellular origin

38
Q

what are the two groups of viral proteins

A

a. Structural proteins

b. Non-structural proteins (functional proteins e.g haemagglutinins)

39
Q

where do lipids present in viruses originate from

A

the host’s cell membrane

40
Q

give an example of a virus with RNA that is single linear

molecule

A

picornaviruses

41
Q

give an example of a virus with RNA which has genome consists of several segments

A

orhomyxoviruses

42
Q

how are single stranded RNA classified

A

negative-sense
positive-sense,
ambisense RNA viruses

43
Q

examples of negative strand RNA viruses

A

influenza virus, measles viruses, and rabies virus

44
Q

what is the function of the capsid

A

encloses the nucleic acid genome, that protect the genome and confer shapes to viruses

45
Q

what are the two main structural types of the capsid

A
  • cylindrical (helical symmetry)

- spherical (icosahedral or cubic symmetry)

46
Q

what are the advantages of naked capsids

A
  • resistant to drying, acid, and detergents, including the acid and bile of the enteric tract
  • spreads easily
  • retain effectivity
47
Q

what is a peplomer

A

glycoprotein spike on a viral capsid or viral envelope

48
Q

what is the function of the matrix protein

A

serves as a bridge between nucleocapsid and inner membrane of the envelope

49
Q

what viruses are sensitive to treatment with ether and other organic solvents

A

Lipid-containing viruses

50
Q

instead of lipids in viral membranes, what do viral envelopes contain

A

glycoprotein

51
Q

what are glycoproteins in viruses important as

A

viral antigens

52
Q

what are the types of symmetry of viral particles and give examples for each

A

(1) cubic symmetry (eg, adenoviruses),
(2) helical symmetry (eg, orthomyxoviruses),
(3) complex structures (eg, poxviruses)

53
Q

which viruses have cubic symmetry

A

spherically (icosahedral) shaped virus

54
Q

what viruses have icosahedral structure

A

poliovirus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus

55
Q

how many individual protein molecules is a capsomere generally composed of

A

five or six, each one referred to as a structural subunit, or protomer. 5 protomers then form a pentomer

56
Q

how are the protein subunits bound to the nucleic acid in cylindrical arch structure

A

bound in a periodic way, bound in a periodic way

57
Q

give an example of a virus with cylindrical arch structure

A

Rabies virus

58
Q

which extra structures may complex viruses have

A

protein tails or a complex outer wall

59
Q

what is an example of a complex virus

A

poxviruses (do not contain clearly identifiable capsids, but have several coats around the nucleic acid)

60
Q

what are the three basic types of cell cultures

A

Primary cultures
Diploid cell lines
Continuous cell lines

61
Q

how to detect Virus-Infected Cells

A

1) Development of cytopathic effects (morphological changes)
2) Appearance of a virus-encoded protein
3) Detection of virus-specific nucleic acid
4) Adsorption of erythrocytes to infected cells, called hemadsorption
5) Viral growth in an embryonated chick egg may result in death of the embryo

62
Q

where are inclusion bodies located in

a) herpesvirus
b) poxvirus and rabies virus
c) measles virus

A

a) nucleus
b) cytoplasm
c) both nucleus and cytoplasm

Med 103 (13 decks)

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