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Med 103 > RNA > Flashcards

RNA Flashcards

1
Q

what is the central dogma

A

explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system

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2
Q

which is more unstable and more prone to degradation, RNA or DNA

A

RNA because of the presence of the -OH group in

ribose sugar

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3
Q

where is RNA found

A

nucleus, mitochondria and cytoplasm

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4
Q

how many structures does RNA have

A
  1. primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
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5
Q

what subunits is bacterial enzymes composed of

A

two α, one β, one β’, one ⍵, one σ

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6
Q

what is a holoenzyme

A

biochemically active compound formed by the combination of an enzyme with a coenzyme.

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7
Q

give an example of a coenzyme and an enzyme forming a holoenzyme in bacteria

A

sigma factor and core enzyme

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8
Q

what are the 4 functions of RNA

A
  1. Storage/transfer of genetic information
  2. Structural
  3. Catalytic
  4. Regulatory
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9
Q

give three examples of single stranded RNA viruses

A

ebola, influenza and rhinovirus

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10
Q

what is an example of double stranded RNA viruses

A

Rotaviruses, which cause severe gastroenteritis

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11
Q

RNA in ribosome has …………..activity

A

peptidyltransferase

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12
Q

what are small RNA enzymes called

A

ribozymes

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13
Q

what are the regulatory roles of RNA

A
  • defense
  • in normal development
  • gene therapy
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14
Q

what do microRNAs do

A

regulate the expression of genes, possibly via binding to specific nucleotide sequences

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15
Q

which RNA has frequent turnover

A

mRNA

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16
Q

mRNA has long generation time. true or false

A

false, it is short

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17
Q

which parts code for genes and dont, introns and exons

A

introns dont code while exons do

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18
Q

why does eukaryotic mRNA have longer half-life than a prokaryotic mRNA

A

because it undergoes additional steps

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19
Q

how longer does eukaryotic mRNA last than that of e coli

A

that of e coli lasts a few seconds while eukaryotic lasts several hours

20
Q

what are pre-RNAs first coated with

A

RNA-stabilizing proteins which protect from degradation while being processed

21
Q

what does pre-mRNA receive before being translated

A

(i) a 5′ cap and
(ii) a 3′ poly (A) tail before
(iii) introns are removed

22
Q

what is the name of the 5’ cap

A

7-methylguanosine cap

23
Q

what are the functions of the 5’ cap

A

protects from degradation and initiation factors recognize the cap to help initiate translation by ribosomes

24
Q

what cleaves off the rest of the pre-mRNA off the rest of the growing transcript before RNA Polymerase II has stopped transcribing

A

endonuclease -containing protein complex

25
Q

how does endonuclease-containing protein complex work

A

binds to an AAUAAA sequence upstream of the cleavage site and to a GU -rich sequence downstream of the cut site

26
Q

what catalyzes the addition of up to 200 A nucleotides to the 3′ end of the just-cleaved pre-mRNA

A

Poly (A) Polymerase (PAP)

27
Q

what does the poly A tail do

A
  1. protects the mRNA from degradation,
  2. aids in the export of the mature mRNA to the cytoplasm,
  3. involved in binding proteins involved in initiating translation
28
Q

what is a spliceosome

A

large and complex molecular machine found primarily within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

29
Q

what does a spliceosome do

A

removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA

30
Q

tRNA is double stranded, true or false

A

false, it is single stranded

31
Q

what are the two structural motifs that allow tRNA to function

A

1) 3’ terminus (which forms a covalent bond with a specific amino acid)
2) anticodon loop (contains three-base-pair sequence
complimentary to the DNA triplet code for an amino acid)

32
Q

what is the most abundant form of RNA

A

ribosomal RNA

33
Q

what does S stand for in 80S

A

stands for svedbergs, a unit used to measure how fast molecules move in a centrifuge

34
Q

what does snRNA stand for

A

Small nuclear RNAs

35
Q

what is the primary function of snRNAs

A

process pre-mRNA

36
Q

what are snoRNAs and what is their function

A

Small nucleolar RNA, which guide chemical modifications of other RNAs

37
Q

what binds with the PIWI subfamily proteins that are involved in maintaining genome stability in germline cells

A

Piwi-interacting RNAs

38
Q

what is another function of Piwi-interacting RNAs

A

play a role in gametogenesis

39
Q

what RNA species mediate post-transcriptional gene

silencing

A

micro-RNA (it regulates translation)

40
Q

what is lncRNA in full

A

Long noncoding RNAs

41
Q

some ……. are capable of regulating cancer-associated genes in ways that facilitate tumor development

A

micro-RNA

42
Q

dysregulation of mirco-RNA metabolism can lead to what

A

linked to various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease

43
Q

what type of RNA binds to specialized proteins known as caspases, which are involved in apoptosis (programmed cell death) hence inhibiting cell death leading to cancer

A

tRNA

44
Q

what do tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) play a role in

A

suspected to play a role in cancer

45
Q

what has increase in MALAT1 (metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) been associated with

A

proliferation and metastasis (spread) of tumour cells

46
Q

what does sequestering of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) by RNAs containing repeat sequences lead to

A

formation of foci or aggregates in neural tissues leading to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and myotonic dystrophy

47
Q

true or false, RNA has small grooves which makes it hard for enzymes to attack

A

false, that is for DNA. RNA is easily attacked by enzymes because of its large grooves

Med 103 (13 decks)

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