Bacteria

Question 1

where does e coli grow in the body

Answer 1

in the gut

Question 2

is e coli gram negative or gram positive

Answer 2

gram negative

Question 3

what is PAMP in full

Answer 3

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Question 4

what is the correct order of gram staining

Answer 4

Crystal violet (primary stain)
Iodine solution (fixes crystal violet to cell wall)
Decolorizer (e.g. ethanol)
Safranin (secondary stain)
Water

Question 5

which of the following is not bacteria

1) thermatoga
2) sulfolobus
3) aquifex
4) bacillis

Answer 5

sulfolobus is archaea

Question 6

which of the following is not a eukaryote

1) euglena
2) trypanosoma
3) giardia
4) methanococcus

Answer 6

methanococcus is archaea

Question 7

which of the following is not archaea

1) haloferax
2) trichonomas
3) methanothermobacter
4) aeropyrum

Answer 7

trichonomas is a eukaryote

Question 8

what do prokaryotes use for ATP production/electron transport

Answer 8

cytoplasmic membrane

Question 9

do prokayotes have 80S or 70S ribosomes

Answer 9

70S , 50S + 30S

Question 10

true or false, chromosomes contain sterols

Answer 10

false, only eukaryotic chromosomes

Question 11

teichoic acid is more common in cell walls of

Answer 11

gram positive bacteria

Question 12

which of the following organelles do prokaryotes have

a) golgi body
b) mitcohondria
c) nucleus
d) endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

none of the above

Question 13

how many chromosomes do prokaryotes have

Answer 13

1

Question 14

prokaryotes have highly repetitive DNA, true or false

Answer 14

false, they have little repetition

Question 15

prokaryotes have individually expressed genes, true or false

Answer 15

false, they have their genes groups called operons

Question 16

bacteria have chlorophyll scattered in their cytoplasm but lack chloroplasts, true or false

Answer 16

true

Question 17

bacteria have perixosomes, true or false

Answer 17

false. only eukaryotes

Question 18

prokaryotes lack a centrosomes, true or false

Answer 18

true

Question 19

bacterial zygotes are

a) diploid
b) merazoygotic
c) haploid
d) triploid

Answer 19

merazygotic - partially diploid

Question 20

what processes occur simultaneously in prokaryotes

Answer 20

transcription and translation

Question 21

where does DNA replication occur in bacteria

Answer 21

cytoplasm

Question 22

what is the process of cell division in prokaryotes

Answer 22

replication
septum formation
cleavage/incomplete cleavage

Question 23

give two examples of spore forming bacteria

Answer 23

Bacillus (B. anthracis) and Clostridium (C. tetani or

botulinum) which are gram positive

Question 24

what are the seven structural components of a spore

Answer 24

exosporium
protein coat 
outer membrane 
cortex 
spore wall
inner membrane 
core

Question 25

what is the function of dipicolinic acid

Answer 25

for heat resistance in endospores

Question 26

what are endospores covered with

Answer 26

surrounded by the cytoplasmic membrane, the peptidoglycan, and the membrane of the septum, tough keratin-like protein coat

Question 27

how long does it take to form an endospore

Answer 27

6-8 hours

Question 28

lack of what amino acid triggers endospore formation

Answer 28

alanine

Question 29

putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are examples of what

Answer 29

polyamines

Question 30

what is the function of polyamines in bacteria

Answer 30

they maintain chromosomes

Question 31

what are the products of arginine catabolism

Answer 31

putrescine, spermidine, and spermine

Question 32

what are protein structural genes/coding genes in bacteria called

Answer 32

cistrons

Question 33

what are operons with many genes called

Answer 33

polycistronic

Question 34

what are examples of extrachromosomal genetic elemements

Answer 34

plasmids and bacteriophages

Question 35

what enzyme performs RNA synthesis

Answer 35

DNA dependant RNA polymerase

Question 36

what recognizes a particular sequence of nucleotides in the DNA called the promoter

Answer 36

sigma factor

Question 37

what does sigma factor act as

Answer 37

a docking site for RNA polymerase

Question 38

what are -10 and -35 elements

Answer 38

short sequences of DNA within a gene promoter or enhancer region that are able to bind specific transcription factors and regulate transcription of genes

Question 39

what do bacteria do under conditions like heat shock, starvation, special nitrogen metabolism, or sporulation

Answer 39

they encode multiple sigma factors

Question 40

what antibiotic inhibits DNA dependant RNA polymerase

Answer 40

rifampin

Question 41

what are the two termination methods in bacteria

Answer 41

Rho- dependent and Rho independent termination

Question 42

what does the Rho factor do

Answer 42

pulls the RNA transcript and the DNA template strand apart, releasing the RNA molecule and terminating the transcription process

Question 43

a Rho independent region is rich in which nucleotides

Answer 43

G and C

Question 44

how does Rho independent work

Answer 44

The RNA that is transcribed from this region folds back on itself, form hairpin and Stalled RNA polymerase causes an instability allowing the enzyme to fall off and end from the new RNA transcript

Question 45

what are the three promoter elements in bacteria

Answer 45

-10,-35 and upstream elements

Question 46

bacteria dont undergo posttranslational modifications, true or false

Answer 46

true

Question 47

what genetic inhibitor is extracted from yeast

Answer 47

alpha amanitin which is selective for RNA polymerase I and II

Question 48

how does rifampicin inhibit protein synthesis

Answer 48

by inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase by binding to the beta-subunit

Question 49

what is an example an antifungal transcription inhibitor

Answer 49

8-hydroxyquinoline

Question 50

what is an example of CDK9 inhibitors

Answer 50

DRB

Question 51

actinomycin, flavopiridol and triptolide are examples of what

Answer 51

genetic inhibitors/protein synthesis inhibitors

Question 52

what does histone myelination cause

Answer 52

bars the action of transcription in eukaryotes

Question 53

what is fmet (formyl methionine)

Answer 53

starting residue in the synthesis of proteins in bacteria

Question 54

what is shine dalgarno sequences

Answer 54

short sequence rich in purines. ribosomal binding site in bacterial and archaeal messenger RNA, generally located around 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG

Question 55

what do Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines do

Answer 55

binding to the small ribosomal subunit and inhibiting normal ribosomal function

Question 56

what are examples of Aminoglycosides

Answer 56

streptomycin and gentamicin

Question 57

what do macrolide and lincosamide do

Answer 57

groups of antibiotics act by binding to the large ribosomal subunit.

Question 58

erythromycin and clindamycin are examples of what inhibitors

Answer 58

macrolide and lincosamide respectively

Question 59

what do N-Formylmethionine (fMet) peptides attract

Answer 59

neutrophils to site of infection

Question 60

what are examples of small molecular activators

Answer 60

cAMP and cGMP

Question 61

what do increased cAMP levels show

Answer 61

low levels of glucose