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Med 103 > secretion in a cell > Flashcards

secretion in a cell Flashcards

1
Q

what is a phagosome

A

vesicle formed around a particle engulfed by a phagocyte via phagocytosis

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2
Q

which process involves smaller invaginations of the cell membrane which fuse and entrap extracellular fluid and its dissolved contents.

A

pinocytosis

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3
Q

do pinocytotic vesicles pinch off from the membrane

A

yes

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4
Q

what is transcytosis

A

type of transcellular transport in which various macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell

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5
Q

during receptor mediated endocytosis what do the the vesicle invaginate as

A

coated vesicle

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6
Q

what is the major polypeptide that coats the vesicles during receptor mediated endocytosis

A

clathrin

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7
Q

what do the clathrin molecules interact with

A

struts of a geodesic dome

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8
Q

what are caveolae

A

invaginations produced by type of receptor-mediated endocytosis prominent in very thin cells

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9
Q

where do the vesicles fuse in receptor mediated endocytosis after pinching off from the membrane

A

they fuse with the endosomal compartment

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10
Q

what is a dynamic collection in the peripheral cytoplasm of membranous tubules and vacuoles

A

endosomal compartment

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11
Q

which diverse peripheral proteins are caveolins associated with

A

cavins

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12
Q

the clathrin molecules separate from the coated vesicles and are thrown away. true or false

A

false, they are recycles back into the membrane to form new coated pits

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13
Q

what is the function of Rab proteins (G proteins) in the endosomal compartment

A

directs vesicle trafficking along small GTPases that bind guanine nucleotides and associated proteins

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14
Q

what enzyme binds guanine and associated protein during vesicle trafficking

A

GTPase

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15
Q

what triggers exocytosis

A

increase in cytosolic Ca ions

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16
Q

Membrane fusion during exocytosis is highly regulated, true or false

A

true. selective interactions between several specific membrane proteins

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17
Q

which secretions is used for products that are released from cells continuously, as soon as synthesis is complete

A

constitutive secretions.

18
Q

when do regulated secretions occur

A

in response to signals coming to the cells, such as the release of digestive enzymes from pancreatic cells in response to specific stimuli

19
Q

what secretions are used for collagen subunits in the ECM (extracellular matrix molecules)

A

constitutive secretions

20
Q

what is an example of regulated secretion

A

release of digestive enzymes from pancreatic cells in response to specific stimuli

21
Q

where does regulated exocytosis of stored products from epithelial cells usually occur

A

apical domains of cells, constituting a major mechanism of glandular secretion

22
Q

what are the three exocrine glands

A

apocrine
merocrine
holocrine

23
Q

which type bud their secretions off through the plasma membrane producing extracellular membrane-bound vesicles

a) merocrine
b) apocrine
c) holocrine

A

apocrine.
merocrine- secretions of that cell are excreted via exocytosis from secretory cells into an epithelial-walled duct or ducts and then onto a bodily surface or into the lumen
holorcine- secretions released by the rupture of the plasma membrane, which destroys the cell and results in the secretion of the product into the lumen

24
Q

what is process of membrane movement and recycling called

A

membrane trafficking

25
Q

what is the importance of membrane trafficking

A

for physiologically important processes such as reducing blood lipid levels

26
Q

what is endocrine signaling

A

involves a signaling molecule, a hormone, secreted by an endocrine cell and transported through the circulation to act on distant target cells

27
Q

what is paracrine signaling

A

mediated by a molecule acting locally to regulate the behavior of a nearby cell

28
Q

what is autocrne signaling

A

cells responding to signaling molecules that they themselves produce

29
Q

name the two types of paracrine signaling

A
  1. Neurotransmitter or synaptic cell signaling

2. Juxtacrine cell signaling is contact dependent signaling

30
Q

what is an example of neuroendocrine signaling

A

Norepinephrine acting on hepatocytes or adipocytes

31
Q

give an example of paracrine signaling

A

Glucagon and somatostatin acting on adjacent cells of the islets of Langerhans that secrete insulin

32
Q

give an example of juxtacrine cell signaling

A

immunologic synapse when antigen-presenting cells and a T cell are in contact with each other

33
Q

give an example of autocrine signalling

A

response of cells of the immune system to foreign antigens or growth factors that trigger their own proliferation and differentiation

34
Q

what does abnormal autocrine signaling cause

A

unregulated growth of cancer cells

35
Q

what regulates the release of a targeting hormone

A

negative or positive feedback action

36
Q

name four major intracellular signaling pathways

A

cAMP
Ca calmodulin
JAK-STAT
integrin actin pathway

37
Q

name four more intracellular signalling pathways

A

cGMP
phospholipid Ca pathway
Ras, Raf and MAP kinase pathway
NF-κβ transcription factor pathway

38
Q

what is the effector protein for cAMP

A

adenyl cyclase

39
Q

DAG and IP3 are examples of what

A

secondary messengers

40
Q

what do ionic changes or second messengers do

A

amplify the first signal and trigger a cascade of enzymatic activity

41
Q

what enzyme is usually activated during cascade effects

A

kinase (enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates)

42
Q

what leads to more focused amplification of activity.

A

when 2nd messengers retained locally by scaffold proteins

Med 103 (13 decks)

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