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Med 103 > Cell histology > Flashcards

Cell histology Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleoporins

A

proteins inside the the nuclear pore complex arranged in rings stacked on top of each other for transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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2
Q

NLS

A

nuclear localization signal

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3
Q

examples of NLS

A

importins and exportins

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4
Q

examples of exportins

A

karyopherins, PTACs, Ran-binding proteins, transportins

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5
Q

what do exportins and importins trasnport

A

exportins transport macromolecules like RNA and importins transport cargo like subunits of ribosome

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6
Q

what regulated importin and exportin trasnport

A

family of GTP binding proteins called Ran which facilitates signal mediated porcesses

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7
Q

which is the active form, euchromatin or heterochromatin

A

euchromatin

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8
Q

what does giemsa reagent stain on chromosomes

A

adenine-thymine rich regions producing bands

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9
Q

what is the significance of giemsa staining

A

reveal deletions, non-disjuctions and translocations

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10
Q

function of telomeres

A

protect from degradation or fusion with other chromosomes

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11
Q

in what cells does telomerase prevent telomere degradation

A

oocytes, spermatogonia, and stem cells

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12
Q

what cells dont have telomerase

A

somatic cells

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13
Q

what cells do not have telomere shortening

A

cancer cells

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14
Q

only ……. of x chromosomes in …… is transcriptionally actuve

A

one, female. the inactive one remains that way throughout its lifetime

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15
Q

what is the barr body

A

tightly coiled clump of chromatin, inactive X chromosome

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16
Q

what cells can be used to study sex chromatin

A

epithelial cells in the cheek lining at the edge of the nuclear envelope and small drumstick-like evagination of the nuclei of the neutrophils from blood smears

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17
Q

what chromatin is the nucleoplasm composed of

A

interchromatin and perichromatin granules

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18
Q

give three functions of nucleoplasm

A
  1. amorphous
  2. maintains shape
  3. transport
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19
Q

when is nucleolus observed

A

during interphase

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20
Q

what does the nucleolus stain and why does the nucleolus stain that way.

A

basophilic with H&E because it is rich in rRNA and protein

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21
Q

nucleolus contains small amounts of inactive DNA. true or false

A

true

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22
Q

in cells actively synthesizing protein, how much does the nucleolus occupy in the nuclear volume

A

25%

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23
Q

pale staining fibrillar center in the nucleolus contains

A

inactive DNA

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24
Q

pars granulosa in the nucleolus contains

A

nucelolar DNA being trasncribed into rRNA

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25
Q

what is nucleolin (in pars fibrosa)

A

small nucelolar ribonuclear proteins

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26
Q

fibrillarin (in pars fibrosa)

A

ribonucleoproetin enzyme converting pre rRNA into mature RNA

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27
Q

nucleolar matrix contains

A

network of fibers for organization

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28
Q

what are nucleolar organizing regions (NORs)

A

where gene loci encode rRNA

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29
Q

where are NORs located

A

pale staining regions in at the tips of chromosomes (13, 14, 15, 21, and 22 (in humans))

30
Q

what are the four basic tissues in the body

A
  • connective tissue
  • muscle tissue
  • nervous tissue
  • epithelial tissue
31
Q

what is the protoplasm divided into

A
  • cytoplasm

* karyoplasm (nucleus)

32
Q

what is the fluid suspension in the cytoplasm called

A

cytosol

33
Q

what do the cytoplasmic inclusions consist of

A

metabolic by products, storage forms of various nutrients, or inert crystals and pigments

34
Q

what is the cell membrane called amphipathic

A

composed of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail

35
Q

what are examples of amphipathic molecules

A

glycolipids, glycosphingo lipids, and cholesterol

36
Q

what does PAS demonstrate

A

glycoproteins, carbohydrates and mucins

37
Q

what does PAS recognized that most other techniques do not

A

recognizes neutral mucins

38
Q

what is the PAS technique based on

A

upon the structure of the monosaccharide units

39
Q

what is the glycocalyx

A

cell coat usually composed of carbohydrate chains that are covalently attached to transmembrane proteins and/or phospholipid molecules of the outer leaflet

40
Q

what is the most important function of the glycocalyx

A
  1. protection of the cell from interaction with inappropriate proteins (selectively permeable)
  2. chemical injury
  3. physical injury
41
Q

why does the glycocalyx stain intensely with dyes such as ruthenium red and Alcian blue

A

numerous negatively charged sulfate and carboxyl groups

42
Q

where are the large and small ribosomal subunit manufactured

A

in the nucleolus

43
Q

what are the
a) small subunit
b) large subunit
composed of

A

a) has a sedimentation value of 40S and is composed of 33 proteins and an 18S rRNA
b) sedimentation value of the large subunit is 60S, and it consists of 49 proteins and 3 rRNAs

44
Q

what constitutes the SER

A

A system of anastomosing tubules and occasional flattened membrane-bound vesicles

45
Q

which cells have an abundance of SER

A

synthesis of steroids, cholesterol, and triglycerides, and cells that function in detoxification of toxic materials

46
Q

what is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

separating calcium ions from the cytosol, assisting in the control of muscle contraction

47
Q

what components of the membrane are manufactured in the RER

A

lipids and integral proteins

48
Q

what is the Golgi apparatus composed of

A

one or more series of flattened, slightly curved membrane-bounded cisternae (known as faces)

49
Q

what are the three faces of cisternae

A

The cis-face (and the cis Golgi network, closest to ER)
 The medial face (intermediate face)
 The trans-face (and the trans Golgi network, exit face)

50
Q

what were vesicular-tubular clusters (VTC) previously known as

A

endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC)

51
Q

what are examples of acid hydrolases

A

sulfatases, proteases, nucleases, lipases, and glycosidases

52
Q

what do lysosomes require

A

acidic pH. they possess proton pumps that actively transport H+ ions into the lysosome

53
Q

what is the inner membrane of the mitochondria folded into

A

cristae to increase surface area for energy production

54
Q

what does each mitochondrial porin form

A

large aqueous channel through which water-soluble molecules

55
Q

what is the inner mitochondrial membrane richly edowed with

A

cardiolipin, a phospholipid that possesses four, rather than the usual two, fatty acyl chains

56
Q

what is the mitochondrial matrix space composed of

A

dense fluid composed of at least 50 % protein (mostly enzymes, which accounts for its viscosity

57
Q

what are the enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix responsible for

A

stepwise degradation of fatty acids and pyruvate to the metabolic intermediate acetyl CoA (for Krebs cycle)

58
Q

where do humans get their mitochondria from

A

from their mothers

59
Q

what is an example of cytoplasmic staining with the acid dye eosin

A

it is attracted to charged groups on the amino acid side chains of cytoplasmic proteins

60
Q

what are examples of Eosinophilic stains

A

Picric acid, Indian ink, congo red, nigrosoine, eosin

61
Q

what color does eosinophilic stain

A

pink

62
Q

what are examples of Acidophilic substances in the cell

A

mitochondria, cytoplasm, secretory granules, ECM proteins

63
Q

what does the hematoxylin-aluminum lake bind to

A

phosphate groups of DNA and the histone proteins bound to the phosphate groups of DNA

64
Q

what are examples of Basophilic substances in the cell

A

nucleic acids, rRNA, rRER, glycosaminoacids, acid glycoproteins (negative structures)

65
Q

what are examples of basic dyes

A

toluidine blue, methylene blue, hematoxylin, alcian blue

66
Q

what are the names of the nuclear lamins located at the periphery of the nucleoplasm

A

A, B1, B2, and C

67
Q

what are the functions of the nuclear lamins

A
  1. organizing and providing support to the lipid bilayer membrane
  2. organizing and providing support to the peri-nuclear chromatin
  3. playing a role in the formation of nuclear pore complexes
  4. assembly of vesicles to reform the nuclear envelope subsequent to cell division
68
Q

what does each of the nuclear pore complexes communicate with the others with

A

nuclear lamina and certain pore connecting fibers

69
Q

what else does the nuclear pore complex comprise of other than nucleoporins

A

cytoplasmic fibers, a central transporter (plug) , and a nuclear basket

70
Q

where is heterochromatin normally located

A

periphery of the nucleus

71
Q

what are autosomes

A

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

72
Q

what is more gelatinous, the cytoplasm or nucleoplasm

A

nucleoplasm

Med 103 (13 decks)

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