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BOD > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells produce type II IFN?

A

T cells and macrophages

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2
Q

Which T cell response do type II IFNs promote?

A

TH1

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3
Q

Which substances activate the IFNb gene?

A

IRF3 and NFkB

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4
Q

Which viruses are reversiviruses?

A

Retroviruses and hepadnaviruses

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5
Q

Which viruses translate one giant open reading frame then do polyprotein processing?

A

Picornaviruses

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6
Q

Which viruses encode enzymes to cleave mRNA caps?

A

Poxviruses

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7
Q

Which DNA viruses synthesize factors which stimulate the cell into cycle?

A

Papovaviruses, adenoviruses, herpesviruses

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8
Q

Which large DNA viruses encode TK and ribonucleotide reducatase?

A

Herpesviruses, poxviruses

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9
Q

Which kind of virus causes only acute infection?

A

Picornavirus

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10
Q

Which kind of virus causes all latent infetion?

A

Herpesviruses

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11
Q

Which kind of virus is permitted in some cells but latent in others?

A

Herpesviruses

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12
Q

Which is the only -ve sense RNA virus to replicate in the nucleus??

A

Influenza

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13
Q

What is the icosahderal capsid made up from?

A

20-based sphere made up of capsomeres

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14
Q

What is a virus protein not in the virion called?

A

A non-structural protein

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15
Q

Why is RNA polymerase error prone?

A

Lacks proof reading capacity

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16
Q

Which group of animals do poxviruses affect?

A

Chordates

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17
Q

What does gp120 bind to?

A

CD4

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18
Q

What does gp340 of EBV bind to?

A

CD21

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19
Q

Where do poxviruses replicate?

A

Cytoplasm

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20
Q

What transcribes the provirus?

A

Host RNA pol II

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21
Q

What happens to herpesvirus DNA when it enters the nucleus?

A

Converted to a circular episome

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22
Q

Why do poxviruses encode enzymes to cleave mRNA cap?

A

Transition from early to late protein expression

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23
Q

What do viruses downregulate to evade CD8 T cells?

A

MHC class I

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24
Q

Which kind of viruses are lytic?

A

Non-enveloped RNA or those inducing host cell cutoff

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25
Q

Which cells phagocytose free virus?

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

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26
Q

What does TLR3 detect?

A

dsRNA

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27
Q

What does TLR9 detect?

A

CpG DNA

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28
Q

Where are the PRRs which viruses first contact?

A

Fibroblasts and epithelial cells

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29
Q

What is PKR?

A

Protein kinase R

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30
Q

What is OAS?

A

2’-5’-oligoadenylate synthetase

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31
Q

What does OAS synthesise?

A

2’5’-oligoAs

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32
Q

What does 2’5’-oligoA do?

A

Turns RNAse L into active form

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33
Q

What are the proinflammatory cytokines for the Th1 response?

A

IL-1,2,12,18 TNFa and IFNgamma

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34
Q

What are the cytokines for the Th2 response?

A

IL-4,10, TGFb

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35
Q

Which Th2 cytokine promotes growth of infeted B cells?

A

vIL-10

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36
Q

Which response is important for systemic infections?

A

CD8+

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37
Q

When is primary viraemia?

A

Lymph node to blood

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38
Q

What is secondary viraemia?

A

Spleen/liver/vascular endothelium to blood

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39
Q

Which budding side allows virus spread?

A

Basolateral

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40
Q

Which viruses need a low temp so can’t cause chest infections?

A

Rhinovirus

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41
Q

Which kind of infections have less chance of transmission?

A

Acute

42
Q

Why does latency occur in non-permissive cells?

A

Genes for replication aren’t expressed

43
Q

Which viruses have low stability?

A

Enveloped

44
Q

What is a perinatal infection?

A

During birth or from breast milk

45
Q

Which viruses show germline transmission?

A

Endogenous retroviruses

46
Q

What is the normal structure of the prion protein?

A

Alpha helical GPI-anchored membrane protein

47
Q

Which enzyme are amyloid plaques resistant to?

A

Protease

48
Q

What is the immune response to abnormal PrP?

A

None

49
Q

What is acyclovir active against?

A

HSV1+2

50
Q

Which viral enzymes does acyclovir require?

A

TK and DNA pol

51
Q

What are ganciclovir and cidofovir used to treat?

A

HSV1+2

52
Q

What are ganciclovir and cidofovir?

A

Nucleoside analogues

53
Q

How do ganciclovir and cidofovir show their specificity?

A

Used by virus DNA polymerase

54
Q

What are ganciclovir and cidofovir used to treat?

A

HCMV

55
Q

How are ganciclovir and cidofovir given?

A

IV

56
Q

Which viruses can be created from oligonucleotides using synthetic biology?

A

Poxviruses

57
Q

Which responses must a live vaccine induce?

A

T cell and antibody

58
Q

What is nucleic acid immunisation?

A

DNA into host cells so they produce antibodies from mRNA

59
Q

What % of sporadic colon cancers have APC mutation?

A

20%

60
Q

What % of sporadic colon cancers have MLH1 mutation?

A

15%

61
Q

What does p53 upregulate?

A

BAX

62
Q

What is the relationship between the dose of carcinogen and number of tumours?

A

Linear

63
Q

Are initiation effects irreversible?

A

Yes

64
Q

How do carcinomas initially travel?

A

Lymphatics

65
Q

What does Wnt encode?

A

Extracellular ligand

66
Q

How many tumours have mutant Rb?

A

90%

67
Q

Does hyperplasia involve genetic changes?

A

No

68
Q

Are malignant tumours usually aneuploid?

A

Yes

69
Q

Can tumour cells metastasize via tissue spaces?

A

Yes

70
Q

What are the main cause of schistosoma pathology?

A

Eggs

71
Q

What does Ebola VP35 do?

A

RNA transcription cofactor, inhibits IRF3, binds dsRNA to prevent PRR recognition

72
Q

What does Ebola VP40 do?

A

A matrix protein, can form into several oligomeric forms, can bind RNA and aid replication, can aid nucleocapsid transport to the cell surface, promotes virion budding

73
Q

What does ebola VP30 do?

A

Transcription activator which works with RNA pol

74
Q

What does ebola VP24 do?

A

Blocks IFN signalling by binding to the pore

75
Q

What is ebola L?

A

RNA dep RNA pol

76
Q

What is packaged in the virion to prime reverse transcription?

A

tRNA

77
Q

What kind of viruses produce endotoxin?

A

Gram -ve

78
Q

Which hepatitis is cancer causing?

A

B

79
Q

In which people is HBV chronic?

A

Neos

80
Q

What is capsid made of?

A

Protein

81
Q

What does monopartite mean?

A

Genome is a single nucleic acid molecule

82
Q

Which viruses have the largest genome?

A

DNA

83
Q

What does TK produce?

A

dNTP pool

84
Q

Which virus classes are lytic?

A

DNA, non-enveloped RNA and those that cause host shut-off

85
Q

What does src encode?

A

Tyrosine kinase

86
Q

What can viruses target to prevent apoptosis?

A

Bcl-2 and caspases

87
Q

Which influenza RNA segments are spliced?

A

7 and 8

88
Q

How many kinds of HA are there?

A

17

89
Q

How many kinds of NA are there?

A

9

90
Q

Which influenza subunit determines whether the virus replicates well in human or avian cells?

A

PB2

91
Q

How many reading frames does HBV have?

A

4

92
Q

What differs in the three forms of HBsAg?

A

N-termini

93
Q

What does ORF-X encode?

A

Transactivating protein

94
Q

How many genes does Ebola encode?

A

7

95
Q

What do HIV tat and rev do?

A

Switch off capsid and envelope protein during later infection

96
Q

What does HIV VPU do?

A

Downregulates CD4 and inhibits NFkB

97
Q

How are gag and pol produced?

A

Ribosomal frameshifting

98
Q

In how many instances does gag-pol frameshifting work?

A

1/20

99
Q

How do dideoxycytidine, dideoxyinosine and lamivudine work?

A

Chain terminating

100
Q

How does enfurvitide work?

A

Fusion inhibitor

101
Q

What is used to inactivate the rabies virus?

A

beta-propriolactone

102
Q

Which virus does not have a 3’ OH?

A

HIV

BOD (7 decks)

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