Blood

Question 1

What are B12/folate coenzymes for?

Answer 1

Thymidine and folate polyglutamate

Question 2

Why are erythoblasts and released RBCs enlarged in megaloblastic anaemia?

Answer 2

Continue to make RNA and protein

Question 3

In which anaemia do cells vary in size and shape?

Answer 3

Megaloblastic

Question 4

What happens to nuclei in megaloblastic anaemia?

Answer 4

Hypersegmented nuclei

Question 5

What happens to gut epithelium nuclei in megaloblastic anaemia?

Answer 5

Enlarged

Question 6

What happens to iron in megaloblastic anaemia?

Answer 6

Can’t be utilised and is deposited in organs

Question 7

Why is there an IF deficiency during pernicious anaemia?

Answer 7

Autoimmune gastric mucosa destruction

Question 8

What conversion is B12 needed for?

Answer 8

Methyl-tetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate conversion

Question 9

What does B12 bind to in the stomach?

Answer 9

Haptocorrin

Question 10

Where is haptocorrin produced?

Answer 10

Salivary glands

Question 11

Where is the haptocorrin digested?

Answer 11

Pancreas

Question 12

Where is IF produced?

Answer 12

Parietal cells

Question 13

What is the IF receptor called?

Answer 13

Cubilin

Question 14

What does IF bind to when it is taken to the portal blood?

Answer 14

Transcobalamin

Question 15

Where is B12 stored?

Answer 15

Liver

Question 16

Where is folate absorbed from?

Answer 16

Proximal small intestine and jejunum

Question 17

How many days of foalte reserves are there?

Answer 17

100

Question 18

What diseases cause folate malabsorption?

Answer 18

Small bowel disease

Question 19

What causes hypoplastic anaemia?

Answer 19

Reduced cellularity of marrow

Question 20

Which part of the body regulates iron absorption?

Answer 20

Duodenum

Question 21

What is iron usually bound to?

Answer 21

Ferritin

Question 22

What is ferritin converted to if iron levels are high?

Answer 22

Haemosiderin

Question 23

Why are iron deficient people more susceptible to ROS?

Answer 23

Catalases

Question 24

What is produced to prevent iron absorption if levels are high?

Answer 24

Hepcidin

Question 25

What are RBCs like in iron deficiency anaemia?

Answer 25

Microcytic, hypochromic, poikilocytosis

Question 26

What happens to erythropoiesis during haeolytic anaemia?

Answer 26

Increased

Question 27

What happens to extra-medullary haematopoiesis in haemolytic anaemia?

Answer 27

Increases

Question 28

Which kind of anaemia causes splenomegaly?

Answer 28

Haemolytic

Question 29

Which kind of anaemia causes hereditary spherocytosis?

Answer 29

Haemolytic anaemia

Question 30

Which enzyme deficiency can cause haemolytic anaemia?

Answer 30

Pyruvate kinases

Question 31

What happens to the number of reticulocytes in blood during haemolytic anaemia?

Answer 31

Increases

Question 32

Where is the point mutation in sickle cell?

Answer 32

Beta globin

Question 33

What is the amino acid change in HbS?

Answer 33

HbA has beta globin 6 Glu to Val

Question 34

When do heterozygotes get cell distortion?

Answer 34

If oxygen decrease is severe

Question 35

What happens to globin levels in thallassaemia?

Answer 35

Decreases

Question 36

What happens to RBCs in thallassaemia?

Answer 36

Microcytic and hypochromic

Question 37

What happens to the other chain during thallassaemia?

Answer 37

Relative excess, precipitates as inclusion

Question 38

What happens to erythroblasts during thallassaemia?

Answer 38

Destroyed

Question 39

How many copies of the gene are deleted in alpha thallassaemia?

Answer 39

1-4

Question 40

Which chromosome is the alpha globin on?

Answer 40

16

Question 41

Which chains are the most soluble?

Answer 41

Beta/gamma

Question 42

What happens following just one alpha deletion?

Answer 42

Silent

Question 43

What happens during two alpha deletions?

Answer 43

Alpha thallassaemia

Question 44

What happens during three alpha deletions?

Answer 44

HbH (beta 4) disease

Question 45

What happens during 4 alpha deletions?

Answer 45

Hb Bart's disease (gamma 4)

Question 46

What is loss of a beta chain called?

Answer 46

Beta0

Question 47

Which is inadequate beta synthesis called?

Answer 47

Beta+

Question 48

Where is the beta gene?

Answer 48

Chromosome 11

Question 49

What is beta thallassaemia major?

Answer 49

B0/B0 or B+/B+ or B0/B+

Question 50

What is beta thallassaemia minor?

Answer 50

B0/B or B+/B

Question 51

What haemoglobinopathy causes perpendicular skull bone?

Answer 51

Beta thallassaemia

Question 52

Which thallassaemia causes iron overload?

Answer 52

Beta

Question 53

Which haemoglobinopathy causes compensatory HbF/HbA2?

Answer 53

Beta thallassaemia

Question 54

Subunits of HbF?

Answer 54

alpha 2 gamma 2

Question 55

Subunits of HbA2?

Answer 55

alpha 2 delta 2

Question 56

What is pancytopenia?

Answer 56

Reduced RBCs, platelets and granulocytes

Question 57

What happens to the erthyroblast nucleus?

Answer 57

Shrinks and is extruded

Question 58

Does a reticulocyte have a nucleus?

Answer 58

No

Question 59

What happens to the rRNA in a reticulocyte?

Answer 59

Forms meshwork

Question 60

What is a megaloblast?

Answer 60

Enlarged RBC precursor

Question 61

What is a macrocyte?

Answer 61

Enlarged RBC

Question 62

What is anisocytosis?

Answer 62

Different sized RBCs

Question 63

What is poikilocytosis?

Answer 63

Different shapes of RBCs

Question 64

What is the word for a pale RBC?

Answer 64

Hypochromic

Question 65

What is erythropoiesis?

Answer 65

RBC production

Question 66

What is haematopoiesis?

Answer 66

Blood cell and platelet production in bone marrow

Question 67

What does a price Jones curve show?

Answer 67

cells against diameter

Question 68

Which kind of enzyme is factor XII?

Answer 68

Endopeptidase

Question 69

Do microparticle promote thrombus formation?

Answer 69

Yes

Question 70

Which method do macrophages usually take up lipid by?

Answer 70

Scavenger

Question 71

What condition predisposes to aortic aneurysm?

Answer 71

Atherosclerosis

Question 72

What does thrombomodulin inhibit?

Answer 72

Thrombin generation

Question 73

How long folate reserves are there?

Answer 73

5 years

Question 74

What does antithrombin do?

Answer 74

Binds and inactivates thrombin

Question 75

What does TFPI do?

Answer 75

Blocks factor X inactivation

Question 76

What clears thrombin-antithrombin complexes?

Answer 76

Liver

Question 77

What can thrombin activate in the presence of thrombomodulin?

Answer 77

Protein C

Question 78

Which factors does protein C inactivate?

Answer 78

V and VIII

Question 79

Another name for TF?

Answer 79

Thromboplastin

Question 80

Virchow's triad?

Answer 80

Vessel wall, blood flow, constituents

Question 81

Genetic deficiencies causing blood clots?

Answer 81

Antithrombin III or protein C

Question 82

What do Lines of Zahn contain to make them dark?

Answer 82

Erythrocytes

Question 83

Structure of venous thrombus?

Answer 83

Pale head, long red tail

Question 84

Lifespan of endothelial cells?

Answer 84

Over 5 years, rarely divide

Question 85

What are inherited atherosclerosis risk factors?

Answer 85

CRP, 5-lipoxygenase

Question 86

What protects pre-menopausal females from atherosclerosis?

Answer 86

Oestrogens

Question 87

Which infection can predispose to atherosclerosis?

Answer 87

Chlamydia

Question 88

In which cells is LDL receptor pathway active?

Answer 88

Hepatocytes

Question 89

What happens to mice deficient in apoE or the LDL receptor?

Answer 89

Advanced atherosclerosis

Question 90

What happens to mice deficient in scavenger receptors SR-A or CD36 or the enzyme ACAT?

Answer 90

Reduced atherosclerosis

Question 91

What does high LDL concs cause?

Answer 91

Toxicity

Question 92

What does low LDL concs cause?

Answer 92

Angiogenesis

Question 93

Which chemokines and mitogens are expressed in atherosclerosis?

Answer 93

MCP-1, IL1 and Il8, M-CSF

Question 94

Which cytokines activate endothelial cells?

Answer 94

IL1, TNFa, VEGF

Question 95

WHich clotting protein does oxidised LDLs inhibit?

Answer 95

Plasminogen

Question 96

What does fibrous cap contain?

Answer 96

Collagen, smooth muscle, macrophages, T lymphocytes

Question 97

What does lipid core contain?

Answer 97

Foam cells, necrotic debris, extracellular lipid

Question 98

What does cap shoulder contain?

Answer 98

Foam cells, smooth muscle cells, T lymphocytes, angiogenesis

Question 99

Which tissues may attempt regeneration after infarction?

Answer 99

Liver

Question 100

Is organisation or regeneration performed after infarction?

Answer 100

Organisation

Question 101

What happens to infracts in the brain?

Answer 101

Liquefactive necrosis - form cyst surrounded by glial cells

Question 102

Which two mechanisms cause ischaemic reperfusion injury?

Answer 102

Fresh mediators of cell injury, initiation of acute inflammation

Question 103

RBC lifespan?

Answer 103

120 days

Question 104

Where is B12 absorbed?

Answer 104

Terminal ileum

Question 105

How many years of B12 storage do humans have?

Answer 105

5 years

Question 106

Which changes cause the HbS to aggregate and polymerise?

Answer 106

Dehydration, infection, decrease O2, decreased pH

Question 107

Why does HbS decrease malaria risk?

Answer 107

Increased clearance

Question 108

Which globin chains are more soluble?

Answer 108

Beta and gamma

Question 109

Which thalassaemia is more severe?

Answer 109

Beta