Fungi

Question 1

Which is the structure of chitin?

Answer 1

beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine

Question 2

What does Dectin 1 bind to in the fungal cell wall?

Answer 2

beta-1,3-glucan

Question 3

What is beta-1,3-glucan

Answer 3

Polymer of glucose residues

Question 4

What do cells communicate through in a filamentous mould?

Answer 4

Septum

Question 5

Where do hyphae branch?

Answer 5

Behind the tip

Question 6

What is an anamorph?

Answer 6

Asexual

Question 7

What is a teleomorph?

Answer 7

Sexual

Question 8

What makes fungi and anamorph or teleomorph?

Answer 8

The environment

Question 9

What does impaired fungal recognition predispose to?

Answer 9

Superficial mould and yeast

Question 10

What does impaired IL-17 production predispose to because it makes neutrophils, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides?

Answer 10

Superficial yeasts

Question 11

What does impaired neutrophils or macrophages predispose to because they are recruited in the lungs?

Answer 11

Deep filamentous mould

Question 12

What does impaired T cell/macrophage predispose to because you get them from a breached mucosal barrier?

Answer 12

Yeast and dimorphic fungi

Question 13

What does fungal toxin ergotamine cause?

Answer 13

Arterial wall construction

Question 14

How do subcutaneous fungal infections spread?

Answer 14

Through lymphatics

Question 15

What kind of fungal infection involve persistence in macrophages?

Answer 15

Systemic

Question 16

Which kind of mould is at low temps?

Answer 16

Filamentous

Question 17

What does budding yeast have to avoid PRRs?

Answer 17

alpha-1,3-glucan

Question 18

What does unicellular budding yeast get once inside a macrophage?

Answer 18

hsp60 and secreted calcium binding proteins

Question 19

Which receptors do fungi bind to on the macrophage?

Answer 19

CD11b and CD18

Question 20

X ray symptoms of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis?

Answer 20

Lung shadowing, enlarged hilar nodes

Question 21

X ray symptoms of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis?

Answer 21

Fibrosis, cavitation, calcification

Question 22

What causes chronic granulomatous disease?

Answer 22

Reduced neutrophil function

Question 23

How does the cryptococcus and candida yeast replicate?

Answer 23

Asymmetrical budding

Question 24

What is a basidiomycotum?

Answer 24

Sexual spores on a basidum

Question 25

Which fungus forms a basidomycotum?

Answer 25

Cryptococcus

Question 26

Which fungus has a thick polysaccharide capsule?

Answer 26

Cryptococcus

Question 27

How is cryptococcus acquired?

Answer 27

Inhalation

Question 28

Where is cryptococcus acquired from?

Answer 28

Bird droppings

Question 29

How does cryptococcus get to the CNS?

Answer 29

Lungs to the circulation to the CNS

Question 30

What predisposes to cryptococcus or candida or pneumocystis or histoplasma?

Answer 30

Impaired T cell and macrophage numbers

Question 31

Which fungus causes meningio-encephalitis?

Answer 31

Cryptococcus

Question 32

Where is cryptococcal polysaccharide detected?

Answer 32

Blood and CSF

Question 33

How is cryptococcus treated?

Answer 33

Amphotericin plus flucytosine then long term fluconazole

Question 34

Which fungus can grow as pseudohyphae?

Answer 34

Candida albicans

Question 35

What is an ascomycotum?

Answer 35

Sexual spores in an ascus

Question 36

What is a conidia?

Answer 36

Asexual spores of an ascomycota

Question 37

Which fungi forms an ascomycotum?

Answer 37

Candida albicans and pneumocystis and aspergillus and histoplasma

Question 38

Which fungus causes chronic finger nail infections?

Answer 38

Candida

Question 39

How are chronic finger nail infections treated?

Answer 39

Clotrimazole or terbinafine

Question 40

When do you get candidaemia?

Answer 40

Following IV catheter or drug use

Question 41

Which body parts can candida spread to?

Answer 41

Eyes, liver, spleen, heart valves

Question 42

How is candida treated?

Answer 42

Fluconazole or caspofungin

Question 43

What kind of fungus does pneumocystis exist as?

Answer 43

Yeast

Question 44

Why can't pneumocystis be cultured in vitro?

Answer 44

Lost genes for AA synthesis

Question 45

How is pneumocystis transmitted?

Answer 45

Inhalation

Question 46

Which fungus infects most children during early life?

Answer 46

Pneumocystis

Question 47

What causes pneumocystis lung disease?

Answer 47

Re-infection and re-acquisition of persistent infection

Question 48

What is pneumocystis pneumonia?

Answer 48

Diffuse alveoli inflammation with fungal clusters in air spaces and injury to epithelial cells

Question 49

What does pneumocystis pneumonia cause?

Answer 49

Arterial hypoxaemia, fever and weight loss

Question 50

How is pneumocystis treated?

Answer 50

Co-trimoxazole

Question 51

Why do pneumocystis infections re-occur?

Answer 51

Different strains

Question 52

How many pneumocystis infections show co-infection of two strains?

Answer 52

10%

Question 53

Where is pneumocystis DNA detected?

Answer 53

Lung fluid foamy exudate

Question 54

How does aspergillus exist?

Answer 54

Septate filamentous mould

Question 55

How does aspergillus spread?

Answer 55

Produces spores which are inhaled

Question 56

What does airway aspergillus colonisation cause?

Answer 56

Asthma

Question 57

What disease does aspergillus cause?

Answer 57

Aspergilloma

Question 58

What is an aspergilloma?

Answer 58

Localised mass of hyphae in a pre-existing lung cavity

Question 59

What can aspergillus cause during neutrophil deficiency?

Answer 59

Lung/sinus infection which spreads along blood vessels and causes disseminated infection

Question 60

What is the mortality rate of invasive aspergillus?

Answer 60

High

Question 61

How is aspergillus infection treated?

Answer 61

Surgery, amphotericin or voriconazole

Question 62

How does mucor exist?

Answer 62

Aseptate filamentous mould

Question 63

What is a zygomycotum?

Answer 63

Where sexual spores are external fusions of hyphae

Question 64

What is a sporangium?

Answer 64

Contains asexual spores of zygomycota

Question 65

Which fungus forms a zygomycotium?

Answer 65

Mucor

Question 66

How is mucor transmitted?

Answer 66

Inhalation or wound contamination

Question 67

Which fungus causes mucomycosis?

Answer 67

Mucor

Question 68

How is mucor treated?

Answer 68

Surgery to remove dead tissue and amphotericin

Question 69

Which fungus is a dimorphic ascomycotum?

Answer 69

Histoplasma

Question 70

How does histoplasma invade the body?

Answer 70

As yeast

Question 71

Where is histoplasma endemic?

Answer 71

USA and Africa

Question 72

Where is histoplasma capsulatum found?

Answer 72

Soil or bat droppings

Question 73

Which animals inhale airborne histoplasma spores?

Answer 73

Bats

Question 74

Which genes are activated when histoplasma is a budding yeast?

Answer 74

DRK and RYP1

Question 75

What is expressed when histoplasma is a budding yeast?

Answer 75

alpha-1,3-glucan and hsp90

Question 76

What does histoplasma secrete when it is a budding yeast?

Answer 76

CBP

Question 77

What do histoplasma cells bind to on the dendritic cell?

Answer 77

VLA-5

Question 78

What does histoplasma bind to on the macrophage to cause a granuloma?

Answer 78

CD11b and CD18

Question 79

Which kind of cells do people who are positive following a dead histoplasma antigen skin test have?

Answer 79

Memory T cell

Question 80

What does lung entry by histoplasma cause?

Answer 80

Acute pulmonary infection

Question 81

What is DC-SIGN?

Answer 81

C type lectin on dendritic cells that binds mannose on fungi and bacteria

Question 82

In which patients does pneumocytstis cause pneumonia?

Answer 82

Immunosuppressed - not asthma

Question 83

In which patients does aspergillus cause pneumonia?

Answer 83

Asthma

Question 84

What is a mannan?

Answer 84

Polymer of mannose residues

Question 85

What makes up the inner and otuer matrix?

Answer 85

Chitin microfibrils = inner, glucans = outer

Question 86

What is a mycelium?

Answer 86

Interwoven mass of hyphae

Question 87

What does Dectin-2 recognise?

Answer 87

Mannan

Question 88

What does Mincle recognise?

Answer 88

Mannose rich structures

Question 89

Which TLR recognises Phospholipomannan?

Answer 89

TLR2

Question 90

Which TLR recognises O-linked mannose?

Answer 90

TLR4

Question 91

What recognises N-linked mannose?

Answer 91

Mannose receptor

Question 92

What are O-linked mannose oligosacchardies linked to?

Answer 92

Serine or threonine residue

Question 93

What are N-linked mannose oligosaccharides linked to?

Answer 93

Asparagine

Question 94

Which T cell response do non-toxic fungal antigens induce?

Answer 94

IV hypersensitivity

Question 95

Which fungus are humans obligate host?

Answer 95

Pneumocystis