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BOD > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Which is the structure of chitin?

A

beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine

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2
Q

What does Dectin 1 bind to in the fungal cell wall?

A

beta-1,3-glucan

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3
Q

What is beta-1,3-glucan

A

Polymer of glucose residues

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4
Q

What do cells communicate through in a filamentous mould?

A

Septum

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5
Q

Where do hyphae branch?

A

Behind the tip

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6
Q

What is an anamorph?

A

Asexual

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7
Q

What is a teleomorph?

A

Sexual

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8
Q

What makes fungi and anamorph or teleomorph?

A

The environment

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9
Q

What does impaired fungal recognition predispose to?

A

Superficial mould and yeast

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10
Q

What does impaired IL-17 production predispose to because it makes neutrophils, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides?

A

Superficial yeasts

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11
Q

What does impaired neutrophils or macrophages predispose to because they are recruited in the lungs?

A

Deep filamentous mould

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12
Q

What does impaired T cell/macrophage predispose to because you get them from a breached mucosal barrier?

A

Yeast and dimorphic fungi

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13
Q

What does fungal toxin ergotamine cause?

A

Arterial wall construction

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14
Q

How do subcutaneous fungal infections spread?

A

Through lymphatics

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15
Q

What kind of fungal infection involve persistence in macrophages?

A

Systemic

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16
Q

Which kind of mould is at low temps?

A

Filamentous

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17
Q

What does budding yeast have to avoid PRRs?

A

alpha-1,3-glucan

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18
Q

What does unicellular budding yeast get once inside a macrophage?

A

hsp60 and secreted calcium binding proteins

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19
Q

Which receptors do fungi bind to on the macrophage?

A

CD11b and CD18

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20
Q

X ray symptoms of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis?

A

Lung shadowing, enlarged hilar nodes

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21
Q

X ray symptoms of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis?

A

Fibrosis, cavitation, calcification

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22
Q

What causes chronic granulomatous disease?

A

Reduced neutrophil function

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23
Q

How does the cryptococcus and candida yeast replicate?

A

Asymmetrical budding

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24
Q

What is a basidiomycotum?

A

Sexual spores on a basidum

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25
Q

Which fungus forms a basidomycotum?

A

Cryptococcus

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26
Q

Which fungus has a thick polysaccharide capsule?

A

Cryptococcus

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27
Q

How is cryptococcus acquired?

A

Inhalation

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28
Q

Where is cryptococcus acquired from?

A

Bird droppings

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29
Q

How does cryptococcus get to the CNS?

A

Lungs to the circulation to the CNS

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30
Q

What predisposes to cryptococcus or candida or pneumocystis or histoplasma?

A

Impaired T cell and macrophage numbers

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31
Q

Which fungus causes meningio-encephalitis?

A

Cryptococcus

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32
Q

Where is cryptococcal polysaccharide detected?

A

Blood and CSF

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33
Q

How is cryptococcus treated?

A

Amphotericin plus flucytosine then long term fluconazole

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34
Q

Which fungus can grow as pseudohyphae?

A

Candida albicans

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35
Q

What is an ascomycotum?

A

Sexual spores in an ascus

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36
Q

What is a conidia?

A

Asexual spores of an ascomycota

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37
Q

Which fungi forms an ascomycotum?

A

Candida albicans and pneumocystis and aspergillus and histoplasma

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38
Q

Which fungus causes chronic finger nail infections?

A

Candida

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39
Q

How are chronic finger nail infections treated?

A

Clotrimazole or terbinafine

40
Q

When do you get candidaemia?

A

Following IV catheter or drug use

41
Q

Which body parts can candida spread to?

A

Eyes, liver, spleen, heart valves

42
Q

How is candida treated?

A

Fluconazole or caspofungin

43
Q

What kind of fungus does pneumocystis exist as?

A

Yeast

44
Q

Why can’t pneumocystis be cultured in vitro?

A

Lost genes for AA synthesis

45
Q

How is pneumocystis transmitted?

A

Inhalation

46
Q

Which fungus infects most children during early life?

A

Pneumocystis

47
Q

What causes pneumocystis lung disease?

A

Re-infection and re-acquisition of persistent infection

48
Q

What is pneumocystis pneumonia?

A

Diffuse alveoli inflammation with fungal clusters in air spaces and injury to epithelial cells

49
Q

What does pneumocystis pneumonia cause?

A

Arterial hypoxaemia, fever and weight loss

50
Q

How is pneumocystis treated?

A

Co-trimoxazole

51
Q

Why do pneumocystis infections re-occur?

A

Different strains

52
Q

How many pneumocystis infections show co-infection of two strains?

A

10%

53
Q

Where is pneumocystis DNA detected?

A

Lung fluid foamy exudate

54
Q

How does aspergillus exist?

A

Septate filamentous mould

55
Q

How does aspergillus spread?

A

Produces spores which are inhaled

56
Q

What does airway aspergillus colonisation cause?

A

Asthma

57
Q

What disease does aspergillus cause?

A

Aspergilloma

58
Q

What is an aspergilloma?

A

Localised mass of hyphae in a pre-existing lung cavity

59
Q

What can aspergillus cause during neutrophil deficiency?

A

Lung/sinus infection which spreads along blood vessels and causes disseminated infection

60
Q

What is the mortality rate of invasive aspergillus?

A

High

61
Q

How is aspergillus infection treated?

A

Surgery, amphotericin or voriconazole

62
Q

How does mucor exist?

A

Aseptate filamentous mould

63
Q

What is a zygomycotum?

A

Where sexual spores are external fusions of hyphae

64
Q

What is a sporangium?

A

Contains asexual spores of zygomycota

65
Q

Which fungus forms a zygomycotium?

A

Mucor

66
Q

How is mucor transmitted?

A

Inhalation or wound contamination

67
Q

Which fungus causes mucomycosis?

A

Mucor

68
Q

How is mucor treated?

A

Surgery to remove dead tissue and amphotericin

69
Q

Which fungus is a dimorphic ascomycotum?

A

Histoplasma

70
Q

How does histoplasma invade the body?

A

As yeast

71
Q

Where is histoplasma endemic?

A

USA and Africa

72
Q

Where is histoplasma capsulatum found?

A

Soil or bat droppings

73
Q

Which animals inhale airborne histoplasma spores?

A

Bats

74
Q

Which genes are activated when histoplasma is a budding yeast?

A

DRK and RYP1

75
Q

What is expressed when histoplasma is a budding yeast?

A

alpha-1,3-glucan and hsp90

76
Q

What does histoplasma secrete when it is a budding yeast?

A

CBP

77
Q

What do histoplasma cells bind to on the dendritic cell?

A

VLA-5

78
Q

What does histoplasma bind to on the macrophage to cause a granuloma?

A

CD11b and CD18

79
Q

Which kind of cells do people who are positive following a dead histoplasma antigen skin test have?

A

Memory T cell

80
Q

What does lung entry by histoplasma cause?

A

Acute pulmonary infection

81
Q

What is DC-SIGN?

A

C type lectin on dendritic cells that binds mannose on fungi and bacteria

82
Q

In which patients does pneumocytstis cause pneumonia?

A

Immunosuppressed - not asthma

83
Q

In which patients does aspergillus cause pneumonia?

A

Asthma

84
Q

What is a mannan?

A

Polymer of mannose residues

85
Q

What makes up the inner and otuer matrix?

A

Chitin microfibrils = inner, glucans = outer

86
Q

What is a mycelium?

A

Interwoven mass of hyphae

87
Q

What does Dectin-2 recognise?

A

Mannan

88
Q

What does Mincle recognise?

A

Mannose rich structures

89
Q

Which TLR recognises Phospholipomannan?

A

TLR2

90
Q

Which TLR recognises O-linked mannose?

A

TLR4

91
Q

What recognises N-linked mannose?

A

Mannose receptor

92
Q

What are O-linked mannose oligosacchardies linked to?

A

Serine or threonine residue

93
Q

What are N-linked mannose oligosaccharides linked to?

A

Asparagine

94
Q

Which T cell response do non-toxic fungal antigens induce?

A

IV hypersensitivity

95
Q

Which fungus are humans obligate host?

A

Pneumocystis

BOD (7 decks)

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