Viruses

Question 1

All viruses are obligate ______ _____ meaning they must be inside a host cell to replicate

Answer 1

Intracellular parasites

Question 2

Viruses can infect all types of ___ life including bacteria, fungi, etc.

Answer 2

Cellular

Question 3

in general, all viruses have the basic structure of ___ ____ surrounded by a potential

Answer 3

Nucleic acid

Question 4

In general, all viruses are _____ in size

Answer 4

Ultramicroscopic

Question 5

All viruses have a defined ___ ____ of cell types that can support the viral lifecycle. Each species has a range aka ____. They also have a certain range of cells they can infect.

Answer 5

Host range
Tropism

Question 6

All viruses replicate in a ___ ___ fashion, rather than by binary fission

Answer 6

Step-wise

Question 7

In 1892, there was evidence of non-bacterial ___ ___, sadly ivanosky himself was convinced he had discovered an inculturable bacterium.

Answer 7

Infectious agent

Question 8

___ ___ filter was used to purify water using porsaline. This was used by Ivanosvky to study diseased ____ leaves and look for microbes. He discovered that it was something much ___ that was able to pass through the filter

Answer 8

Pasteur-chamberland
Tobacco
Smaller

Question 9

In 1898, beijerinck repeated the experiment and realized it was not cellular life and coined the term ____.

Answer 9

Virus

Question 10

In 1902, ___ ___ was the first human virus discovered. From a mosquito bite

Answer 10

Yellow fever

Question 11

Example of a step 1 question:

Answer 11

Classic influenza presentation with pneumonia.

Question 12

An envelope double stranded DNA virus example:

Answer 12

Herpes

Question 13

An envelope non-segmented, single-stranded RNA virus example:

Answer 13

Hepatitis C

Question 14

An enveloped segmented, single stranded RNA virus example:

Answer 14

Influenza

Question 15

Non-envelope non-segmented, single-stranded RNA virus example:

Answer 15

Polio

Question 16

Non-envelope segmented, double-stranded RNA virus example:

Answer 16

Roda virus

Question 17

Diagram of sizes of virus:
Mimivirus is newly discovered and is getting closer to the size of bacteria

Answer 17

Question 18

All viruses have a genome made of Nucleic acids that is packaged in a _____. If that’s all we refer to them as a ____ virus. The ______ is the Nucleic acid plus the capsid.

Answer 18

Capsin
Naked
Nucleocapsid

Question 19

The space between the capsid and the envelope that is full of proteins and RNA, is referred to as the _____

Answer 19

Tegument

Question 20

Enveloped viruses are more complex and have ____ proteins on their surface

Answer 20

Spiked

Question 21

Two types of nucleocapsids:
1. ____: genome is boxed in
2. ____: the Nucleocapsid proteins themselves bind directly to the Nucleic acids and the RNA/DNA can coil

Answer 21

Icosahedral
Helical

Question 22

Poliovirus is a ___ virus. Picture of the capsid

Answer 22

Naked

Question 23

The herpes virus is an ___ virus. Picture:

Answer 23

Enveloped

Red center is double stranded DNA surrounded by green capsid. Purple layer is RNA and excessory proteins. Orange layer is the envelope. Yellow is glycoproteins or spike proteins

Question 24

Herpes virus capsid if you strip everything else away except for the capsid:

Answer 24

Question 25

Coronavirus:
Genome is RNA. RNA has protein stuck right to it meaning ____. It is ___ with spike proteins.

Answer 25

Helical
Enveloped

Question 26

Influenza:
Is single stranded RNA. There is protein bound right to the surface of the RNA making it ___ Nucleocapsid. The genome is ____. It is enveloped with spike proteins.

Answer 26

Helical
Segmented

Question 27

Influenza can undergo ____ because it’s genome is segmented.
___ ___ occurs when major changes in antigens occur due to Gene reassortment
___ ____ occurs when a minor changes in antigens occur due to gene mutation

Answer 27

Reassortment
Antigenic shift
Antigenic drift

Question 28

Two different types of virus particle can be infecting the ___ cell at the ___ time and undergoes reassortment.

Answer 28

Same
Same

Question 29

___ ___ is due to random mutations. There is no _____ mechanism in viruses. They are constantly changing. New flu vaccine every year.

Answer 29

Antigenic drift
Proofreading

Question 30

Bacteriophage structure:
Naked, helical, etc, similar to human viruses. But they also have ___ that help them penetrate bacterial cell wall.

Answer 30

Tails

Question 31

The ____ classification system have seven different categories based on the seven different ways that viruses replicate

Answer 31

Baltimore

Question 32

Baltimore classification:
First, Looking at single versus double stranded ___ or ___.

Answer 32

DNA RNA

Question 33

+ sense RNA is identical to ____ RNA

Answer 33

Messenger

Question 34

-sense RNA means the virus first has to ____ in order for it to be used as mRNA.

+ sense RNA is already mRNA.

Answer 34

Transcribe

Question 35

Class I and class VII:

Answer 35

Double stranded DNA + sense virus

Question 36

Class II:

Answer 36

Single-stranded DNA + sense virus

Question 37

Class III:

Answer 37

Double-stranded RNA + sense virus

Question 38

Class IV:

Answer 38

Single-stranded RNA + sense virus

Question 39

Class V:

Answer 39

Single-stranded RNA - sense virus

Question 40

Class VI:

Answer 40

Single-stranded RNA + sense retrovirus

Question 41

Review:

Answer 41

Question 42

+ sense RNA gets copied into ____ RNA

Answer 42

-sense

Question 43

General viral replication cycle:

Answer 43

Question 44

_____ are packaged nucleic acids that get released via lysis

Answer 44

Virions

Question 45

In general, viruses with an RNA genome complete replication in the ____. They do not need to gain excess to the host cell nucleus.

Answer 45

Cytoplasm

Question 46

In general, viruses with a DNA genome will use the host cell ____.

Answer 46

Nucleus

Question 47

Class I example:
Class II example:

Answer 47

Question 48

One-step growth is not exponential growth. Once the virus penetrates there is an ____ period where there is no infectious virus found in the cell at that time because the virus broke itself down. This is a ____ period

Answer 48

Eclipse
Latent

Question 49

In one-step you go from having one virus to ____ of viruses being shot out at once.

Answer 49

Hundreds

Question 50

Viral quantification via the ___ ___. It is analogous to the bacterial colony. Plaques are clear zones that develops on lawns of host cells. Each plaque results from infection by a ____ virus particle .
___ is the number of infectious units per volume of fluid

Answer 50

Plaque assay
Single
Titer

Question 51

_____ ____ of suitable host cells for the virus to infect of the Petri dish. Then you take diluted virus and wash it over the plate. Each spot represents a ____ virus particle

Answer 51

Confluent monolayer
Single

Question 52

A plaque is formed by a virus particle ___ and ____ the host cell

Answer 52

Infecting
Killing

Question 53

Effects that animal viruses can have on cells:
1. Transformation into a ___ ___
2. ___ ___ for a long period of time before the cell dies
3. _____ infection where the virus hides and does not replicate

Answer 53

Tumor cell
Persistent infection
Latent

Question 54

____ viruses cause life long infection and become latent

Answer 54

Herpes

Question 55

Bacteriophage lysis and lytic pathway:

Answer 55

Question 56

Class I pathway to translation and genome replication:

Answer 56

Question 57

Class II pathway:

Answer 57

Question 58

Class III pathway:

Answer 58

Question 59

Class IV pathway:

Answer 59

Question 60

Class V pathways:

Answer 60

Question 61

Class VI pathway:

Answer 61

Question 62

Class VII pathway:

Answer 62