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Fundamentals Exam 3 > Circulating Cells & Blood Vessels Part 1 > Flashcards

Circulating Cells & Blood Vessels Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When you spin blood in a centrifuge, the ____ settle at the bottom and the ____ settles on top.

A

Erythrocytes
Plasma

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2
Q

To measure _____, centrifuge blood sample in a tube with anticoagulants

A

Hematocrit

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3
Q

Plasma vs serum:
____ clots
____ lacks protein fibrinogen and some other clotting factors

A

Plasma
Serum

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4
Q

The most abundant cell in the blood are ____

A

Erythrocytes

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5
Q

Erythrocytes appear as pink, _____ discs on blood smear

A

Biconcave

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6
Q

_____ appear small and round on a blood smear

A

Platelets

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7
Q

Glycoporin C and Band 3 express different carbohydrates that are responsible for ____ ____ ____

A

ABO blood typing

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8
Q

_____ have multiple lobed nuclei

A

Neutrophils

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9
Q

____ have binuclei and large bright orange granules

A

Eosinophils

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10
Q

_____ have multi lobe nuclei and large purple granules which often obscure the nucleus

A

Basophils

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11
Q

____ are round with a round nucleus which takes up majority of the cell

A

Lymphocyte

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12
Q

____ have kidney shaped nucleus without granules

A

Monocyte

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13
Q

____ and _____ are involved in allergic conditions

A

Eosinophils
Basophils

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14
Q

First line of defense:
Second line of defense:

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, Basophils

Monocytes

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15
Q

Lymphocytes are ___ or ____. They both appear large and round with large a nucleus

A

T cells
B cells

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16
Q

____ are found in the bone marrow and circulation. They leave the circulation and give rise to clones. They become plasma cells that produce antibodies. They also have memory.

A

B cell

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17
Q

____ make up 80 to 90% of circulating lymphocytes. They must pass through the thymus. They develop individual anti-genic specificity while in the thymus. They are activated by antigen presentation.

A

T cells

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18
Q

___ ____ is the site of hematopoiesis which is the process of blood cell production. It contains stem cells, progenitor cells, and mature blood cells.

A

Bone marrow

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19
Q

The ____ contains mostly mature cells while the ___ ___ contains cells at all different stages

A

Blood
Bone marrow

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20
Q

____ is the development of RBC maturation.
_____ is the state where the stem cell has differentiated to define its erythroid lineage
A ____ ___ aka ____ no longer has a nucleus

A

Erythropoiesis
Pronormoblast
Polychromatic erythrocyte
Reticulocyte

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21
Q

Erythrocytes function to transport ___ and ___

A

O2
CO2

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22
Q

____ ___ ____ stains reticulocytes due to them containing residual ribosomal RNA

A

New Methylene blue

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23
Q

_____ refers to the production of white blood cells. It involves different pathways for the production of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

A

Leukopoiesis

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24
Q

T cells mature in the ____
B cells mature in the ___ ___

A

Thymus
Bone marrow

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25
Q

Leukocyte maturation:
1. ____ stage
2. ____ stage where the cell has committed to neutrophil lineage

A

Myeloblast
Promyelocyte

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26
Q

In situations where more neutrophils are needed, there might be a shift toward immature forms in the peripheral blood. This is often referred to as a ___ ___ based upon old cell counters with immature cells on the left side

A

Left shift

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27
Q

_____ is the process of platelet production. It starts from a ____ stem cell, which differentiates into a megakaryocyte which then produces platelets by fighting off it’s cytoplasm

A

Thrombopoiesis
Hematopoietic

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28
Q

Structure of blood vessels:
Three outside layers
1.
2.
3.

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitious (tunica externa)

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29
Q

_____ have a more rigid structure, they are around and have small lumens
_____ are flat and have large lumens

A

Arteries
Veins

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30
Q

____ ____ are the first branch from the heart. They contain a high amount of ____ to withstand the pressure. Examples include _____, ____, _____, ____ ___ ___, and ___ ___

A

Elastic arteries
Elastin
Aorta
Carotid
Subclavian
Common iliac arteries
Pulmonary trunk

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31
Q

Elastic (conducting) arteries:
Tunica intima: contain ____ cells connected by tight junctions. They have granules called ____ ____ that store and release von Willebrand factor and P selection. They have internal ____ ____

A

Endothelial
Weibel-Palade bodies
Elastic lamina

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32
Q

Elastic artery:
Tunica media: many fenestrated lamellae of ____. Circularly, arranged, smooth, muscle bundles, alternate with ___. Very few fibroblasts present.

A

Elastin
Elastin

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33
Q

Elastic artery:
Tunica adventita:
Relatively thin, contains ___ ___
Contains ____ ___ (nerves of the blood vessels)

A

Vasa vasorum
Nervi vasorum

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34
Q

Diagram of elastic artery wall:

A
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35
Q

After the elastic arteries come the ____ ___. They have thick tunica media, composed, primarily of ___ ___ with less elastin. The tunica intima contains a prominent internal ___ ___

A

Muscular arteries
Smooth muscle
Elastic lamina

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36
Q

Muscular (distributing) arteries:
Tunica intima: thinner than ___ arteries
Tunica media: 30 to 40 layers of ___ ___
Tunica adventita: connective tissue components with some thin ___ ___. Vasa vasorum and Nervi vasorum present

A

Elastic
Smooth muscle
Elastic laminae

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37
Q

Picture of muscular artery:

A
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38
Q

Picture with elastic stain, highlighting the elastin in muscular arteries:

A
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39
Q

After the muscular arteries come the ____. They typically have a diameter of less than 0.1 mm.

A

Arterioles

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40
Q

Arteriole:
Tunica intima: ____, thin layer of connective tissue, sometimes an ___ ___
Tunica media: 1 to 3 layers of ___ ___
Tunica adventita: scant, produced by ___. Only contain Nervi vasorum, no vaso verum is needed

A

Endothelium
Smooth muscle
Fibroblasts

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41
Q

Picture of arteriole:

A
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42
Q

Compare an arteriole to venule:

A

Venule has a much smaller wall

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43
Q

Review:

A
44
Q

After arterioles comes ____. They’re usually short and narrow about 8 to 10 µm in diameter. An RBC is 7 microns. They have _____ layer of elongated, simple squamous endothelial cells. ___ and ___ have been identified in cells. They are joined together by tight junctions.

A

Capillaries
Single
Vimentin
Desmin

45
Q

Three Major capillary types:

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid (discontinuous)

46
Q

____ ____ is endothelial cells completely cover the luminal surface

A

Continuous capillary

47
Q

____ capillary is endothelial cells, have a small holes through the cell surface to allow direct contact between the lumen and connective tissue

A

Fenestrated

48
Q

_____ capillary have spaces between endothelial cells that allow direct contact between lumen and connective tissue

A

Sinusoid (discontinuous)

49
Q

Continuous capillaries are found in:

A

Muscles, connective tissue, and CNS

50
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are found in:

A

Kidney glomeruli
Endocrine glands
Intestinal villi
Exocrine pancreas

51
Q

Sinusoid capillary is found in:

A

Liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes

52
Q

_____ are generally associated with continuous capillaries and small venules. They surround the capillaries, and most likely aid in ____

A

Pericytes
Contractions

53
Q

Fenestrae in capillary allows for small ____ to pass

A

Molecules

54
Q

Sinusoids in a heart:

A
55
Q

Sinusoids in the bone marrow:

A
56
Q

Regulation of blood flow in a capillary bed:
_____ are short vessels that branch to supply blood to the capillary bed. Tunica media contains rings of smooth muscle cells that behave as a precapillary sphincter

A

Metarteriole

57
Q

______ ____ provide direct connection between arterial and venule, common in the hands and feet. Tunica media includes smooth muscle cells who is contraction is regulated by ___ ___ from the hypothalamus for thermal regulation

A

Artriovenous anastomosis (AVA)
Adrenic axons

58
Q

Diagram of capillary bed and shunts:

A
59
Q

____ take blood back to the heart and greatly out number the arteries. They have a larger lumen. ___% of blood volume is in veins.

A

Veins

60
Q

____ ____ receive blood from the capillary bed. They are similar to capillaries

A

Postcapillary venule

61
Q

____ ____ are the site for immigration of leukocytes from Buss aluminum into tissue spaces

A

Post capillary venules

62
Q

Smooth muscle cell investment increases as ____ get larger.

A

Venules

63
Q

___ ____ are less than 1 cm in diameter.
Tunica intima: endothelium, and some reticular fiber
Tunica media: smooth, muscle cells, intermingled with collagen fibers, and fibroblasts
Tunica adventitia: is the thickest layer containing collagen and elastic fibers

A

Medium veins

64
Q

Many medium veins have ____

A

Valves

65
Q

____ ____ include vena cava, pulmonary, portal, renal, internal jugular, iliac
Tunica intima: endothelium, and a thick sub endothelial layer with elastic fiber
Tunica media: not well developed and often not a parent
Tunica adventitia: collagenfibers, elastic fibers, vasa vasorum, longitudinally, disposed, smooth, muscle bundles

A

Large veins

66
Q

_____ and beans keep blood flowing in the right direction they consist of folds of the ___ ____. They prevent backflow of blood.

A

Valves
Tunica intima

67
Q

____ ____ occur when there is an abnormally enlarged and tortuous vein. Usually affect superficial veins in legs. Due to loss of muscle tone, ____ _____, and valvular incompetence

A

Varicose veins
Wall degeneration

68
Q

____ ____ carry lymph. They have a been like structure with thinner walls and closely spaced valves

A

Lymph capillaries

69
Q
A

A is a vein
B is a lymphatic vessel
C is an artery

70
Q

_____ is accumulation of fluid and tissues, due to disrupted balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure

A

Edema

71
Q

_____ is fluid accumulation in body cavities. Common in disorders, that affect cardiovascular, Reno, or hepatic functions. It is due to increased _____ pressure or reduced ____ osmotic pressure

A

Effusions
Hydrostatic
Colloid

72
Q

Edema and effusions can be inflammatory (_____) or non-inflammatory (____)

A

Exudates
Transudates

73
Q

edema is caused by increased ____ ___, reduced plasma osmotic pressure (_____), sodium retention, or lymphatic obstruction

A

Hydrostatic pressure
Hypoproteinema

74
Q

_____ is the process of blood clot formation at sites of vascular injury. It is essential for life and can be disrupted in various disorders. ____ disorders involve excessive bleeding. ____ disorders involve the formation of blood clots.

A

Hemostasis
Hemorrhagic
Thrombotic

75
Q

____ ____ is the initial phase of blood clotting that occurs immediately after blood vessel injury, it involves the formation of ___ ____ to seal the damaged vessel, and prevent further bleeding

A

Primary hemostasis
Platelet plug

76
Q

___ ____ is blood vessel construction in response to injury to reduce blood flow. It is mediated by vasoconstrictor substances released from damaged, endothelial cells and platelets. Examples: ____, ______, _____ , and ____

A

Vascular spasm
Endothelin
Thromboxane A2
Serotonin
ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

77
Q

___ ___ is one platelets adhere to the exposed sub, endothelial matrix at the site of injury. ____ ___ ____, released from the endothelium and platelets acts as a bridge between platelets and damage. Blood vessel walls promoting the initial formation of platelet plugs

A

Platelet adhesion
von Willebrand factor (vWF)

78
Q

____ platelets undergo shape change and release granule contents such as ___ and ___ to promote further platelet activation and aggregation

A

Activates
ADP
thromboxane A2

79
Q

Platelet said here to each other through binding of ____ to the ____ ___ receptors on platelet surfaces this process leads to the formation of a stable platelet plug

A

Fibrinogen
Glycoprotein Ilb/Illa

80
Q

____ ____ involves the formation of a fibrin clot to reinforce the platelet plug. It relies on a cascade up, enzymatic reactions, known as the ____ ____

A

Secondary hemostasis
Coagulation cascade

81
Q

Coagulation cascade is initiated by ___ ___ being exposed to blood upon vessel injury. It is amplified, by sequential activation of coagulation factors, leading to the formation of ____, which converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fiber in strands.

A

Tissue factor (TF)
Thrombin

82
Q

___ ____ form a meshwork trapping red blood cells and platelets resulting in the formation of a stable clot

A

Fibrin formation

83
Q

Anticoagulant factors such as ___ and ____ counteract the coagulation cascade to prevent excessive clot formation

A

Antithrombin
Protein C

84
Q

_____ is initiated to dissolve the clot once the injured vessel is repaired, mediated by ____ which breaks down, fiber in strands. ____ is tissue, plasminogen activator and is used to break down clots in the case where someone has a clot, obstructing the blood flow to vital organs.

A

Fibrinolysis
Plasmin
t-PA

85
Q

_____ is when clotting is excessive and outside of normal physiological state. ____ ____ represents primary abnormalities which lead to thrombus formation, including ___ ___, ______, and abnormal ___ ____

A

Thrombosis
Virchow’s Triad
Endothelial injury
Hypercoagulability
Blood flow

86
Q

____ ____ leads to an imbalance of pro thrombotic and antithrombotic factors. Causes of this include:

A

Endothelial injury
Hypertension
Turbulent blood flow
Bacterial endotoxins
Toxins absorbed from cigarette smoke

87
Q

Picture of arterial thrombi

A

A ruptured atherosclerotic plaque within a coronary artery with a cute thrombus formation of creating an acute occlusion resulting in infarction of the LV and IV septum

88
Q

Normal blood flow is called ____ meaning straight and quick flow. ____ flow AKA STASIS enhances pro coagulant activities. Platelets are now in direct contact with endothelium. It prevents washout of clotting factors.

A

Laminar
Turbulent

89
Q

Causes of turbulent flow/stasis

A

Immobilization
Aneurysms
Sickle cell anemia
Hyperviscosity
Arthro-sclerotic plaques
Heart valve abnormalities

90
Q

____ ____ predispose, patience to stasis and superficial venous thrombi

A

Varicose veins

91
Q

____ ___ ____ occurs in larger veins of the legs/pelvis. Often related to immobilization and hypercoagulable states. Often form behind the ____ ___. they can break off and travel to lungs, causing a _____ ____

A

Deep vein thrombosis
Valve cusps
Pulmonary embolism

92
Q

_____ states occur when there are alterations of coagulation pathways that predisposes thrombosis.
Ex: ___ ____, Factor V Leiden resistance, protein C cannot inactivate Factor V

A

Hypercoagulability
Primary thrombophilia

93
Q

Primary thrombophilia is genetic. Secondary thrombophilia is ___. Causes include:

A

Acquired
Immobilization
MIs, atrial fabulation, prosthetic, cardiac valves, tissue, injury, cancer

94
Q

____ ____ ___ can cause secondary thrombophilia

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

95
Q

4 fates of thrombus:

A

Dissolve
Organization and recanalization
Propagation
Embolization

96
Q

_____ is the result of fibrinolysis. This is the therapeutic purposes of t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator). Older thrombi are more resistant to ___

A

Dissolution
Plasmin

97
Q

Older thrombi may undergo ____ with endothelial cells, fibroblasts and smooth muscle growing into the thrombus. Small rudimentary vascular channels, eventually reopen the vessel in a process called ____

A

Organization
Re-canalization

98
Q

_____ is thrombi growth and accumulation of additional platelets and fibrin. Arterial thrown by attend to propagate in a ____ fashion. Venus thrombi tend to propagate along the flow of blood.

A

Propagation
Retrograde (toward the heart)

99
Q

____ is a dislodged or fragment of Throne by which travel to other sites within the circulation

A

Embolization

100
Q

We have been talking about _____, other types of emboli include fat and marrow embolism, air embolism, and amniotic fluid embolism

A

Thromboembolism

101
Q

___ ____ most of the time arise from intracardiac drawn by mostly associated with left ventricle wall, infarctions or a dilated left atrium and atrial fibrillation

A

Systemic thromboembolism

102
Q

_____ is the result of occlusion of either arterial supply or venous drainage.
Red versus white infarction depends on how the organ is perfused, and if it is single or dual blood supply

A

Infarction

103
Q

___ ___ are sometimes called anemic infarcts. They occur in solid organs with single material supply.
Example: heart, spleen, and kidney
The road to the anterior ___ ___ is blocked, no blood (anemic) gets to the anterior left ventricular

A

White infarcts
Left ventricle

104
Q

____ ____ are also called hemorrhagic infarcts. Blood continues to flow into the ____ area. They are caused by venous occlusion and re-perfusion of a site of arterial occlusion. They are seen in organs with dual circulation, including the lungs, liver hands and intestines.

A

Red infarct
Necrotic

105
Q

Red infarcts are associated with blood being ____ . Reperfusion is when blood spills into the area that was previously narcotic, but that part of the vein is no longer intact so blood spills out into the area causing a ____ ____

A

Trapped
Hemorrhagic infarct

106
Q

Lungs have both a ____ circulation and ___ circulation. There is first a closure causing ischemia and becoming ___ and then the blood gains excess to that area again via a ___ blood supply

A

Pulmonary
Bronchial
Necrotic
Second

Fundamentals Exam 3 (17 decks)

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