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Fundamentals Exam 3 > Ion Channels > Flashcards

Ion Channels Flashcards

1
Q

A cell in your body can act like a ____. We open and close ___ channels to allow electricity to flow

A

Battery
Ion

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2
Q

Ion channels are ____ proteins across the membrane

A

Integral

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3
Q

A ____ has alternating sides opening and closing. A ____ opens to both sides of the membrane forming a pore. In a channel, substances move ____ their electrochemical gradient

A

Transporter
Channel
Down

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4
Q

Ion channels are made up of different subunits, making them ____ channels
The structure dictates the ____

A

Heterogenous
Function

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5
Q

Channels provide a means for ___ to cross the membrane which is essential to cell function. Gating refers to the ____ that opens the channel

A

Ions
Stimulus

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6
Q

Active transporters actively move selected ions ____ the concentration gradient

A

Against

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7
Q

Ion channels allow ions to ____ down concentration gradient. They are selectively permeable

A

Diffuse

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8
Q

____ ____ establish and maintain the gradients that ions use to move through ion channels

A

Active transporters

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9
Q

The Na+/K+ ATPase maintains the gradient by action of a pump that moves ____ to the extracellular fluid where ___ concentration is already high. It moves ____ to the Intracellular fluid where ____ is already high. That is why ___ is required

A

Na
Na
K
K
ATP

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10
Q

If a K+ channel opens, K+ will flow ____ the concentration gradient to the ____ of the cell

A

Down
Outside

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11
Q

If Na channels open, Na will flow ___ the concentration gradient to the ____ of the cell

A

Down
Inside

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12
Q

____ channels are always open. Help maintain resting membrane potential. Permeate ___ more than ___

A

Leak
K+
Na+

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13
Q

______ channels are activated by membrane potential, Na, Ca, K, and Cl channels

A

Voltage-gated

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14
Q

____ ____ ____ channels are regulated by ligands (neurotransmitters), glutamate, GABA, and glycine receptor channels

A

Extracellular ligand-activated

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15
Q

____ ____ channels are regulated by temperature and pain, TRP channels

A

Thermos-sensitive

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16
Q

______ and _____ channels are activated by touch, hearing, cardiovascular regulation, sensing of gravity and osmotic stress, not well classified

A

Mechano-sensory
Volume-regulated

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17
Q

____ channels include the GAP junctions, peptide ion channels like Gramicidin, venomous insect toxins like the conus toxins from cone shells

A

Miscellaneous

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18
Q

Leak channels are open ___ of the time. They have a large influence on excitable cells at ____. Na, K and Cl are the common leak channels with ___ being the most abundant and has the most influence on the ____ membrane potential

A

Most
Rest
K
Resting

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19
Q

Why is it important to monitor plasma K+ in the hospital?

A
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20
Q

Voltage gated channels are most often found in ____ cells such as neurons and muscles. They contain a ____ which is a negative and positive charge that changed shape with a change in electrical environment

A

Excitable
Dipole

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21
Q

Voltage gated Na and K channels are essential to the generation and transmission of ___ ____. Voltage gated ____ permitting signaling in many cell types- neurons, muscles, beta cells in pancreatic islets

A

Action potentials
Ca2+

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22
Q

Sensory receptors perform ____ which is the turning of a stimulus like heat, cold, vibration, touch into an electrical signal

A

Transduction

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23
Q

______ convert a temperature stimulus to electrical energy through the opening of temperature sensitive channels called ____ ____ ___ channels (TRP)

A

Thermoreceptors
Transient receptor potential

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24
Q

Glutamate receptors are examples of ___ gated channels which permit Na and Ca to ___ the cell. Glutamate is highly excitatory in the ____

A

Ligand
Enter
Brain

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25
Q

Activation of ___ ____ receptors allows influx of cations and depolarizes the membrane potential (graded potential)

A

Ionotropic glutamate

26
Q

Examples of ionotropic glutamate receptors:

A
27
Q

A stroke can lead to _____ toxicity

A

Glutamate

28
Q

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane, conductance regulator (CFTR) is a ligand gated ____ channel. this channel is ____ and individuals with cystic fibrosis

A

Cl-
Mutated

29
Q

The cystic fibrosis, transmembrane, conductance regulator is found in both the ____ and the __ ___, patience with cystic fibrosis mutation can have both respiratory and G.I. symptoms

A

Lungs
GI tract

30
Q

_____ contain voltage gated sodium and potassium channels

A

Axon

31
Q

_____ at the end of neurons for neurotransmitter released with voltage gated calcium channels

A

Terminals

32
Q

______ at ligand gated ion channels and ____ at transduction channels, cause smaller potentials called graded potentials.

A

Neurotransmitters
Stimuli

33
Q

If those smaller graded potentials some up to a threshold level, voltage gated ___ and ____ channels, generate and propagate an ___ ___

A

Na+
K+
Action potential

34
Q

At rest, more ___ leaves a cell than ____ enters a cell. This generates a ____ potential at the membrane, that is between -90 and -70 mV

A

K+
Na+

35
Q

Neural transmitters bind to the ___ ___ of neurons, and open channels that change the membrane potential

A

Cell body

36
Q

This diagram shows what all three of these processes look like in terms of voltage changes

A
37
Q

The ___ ___ is located at the first node of sensory axons

A

Trigger zone

38
Q

Voltage gated ____ channels open first, than Voltage gated ____ channels open more slowly

A

Na+
K+

39
Q

Fast voltage gated sodium channels open quickly and show three states:

A

Closed, opened, and inactivated

40
Q

___ and ____ inactivation of voltage gaited sodium channels

A

Ball and chain

41
Q

You can find multiple varieties of ____ channels within the same cell type a concept students will revisit in the cardiovascular course

A

K+

42
Q

In neurons K+ channels open and close more ____ then do sodium channels. As the voltage gated potassium channels, open potassium ions ____ the cell, making the membrane potential more ____.

A

Slowly
Exit
Negative

43
Q

Voltage gated states of sodium and potassium channels:

A
44
Q

Sodium and potassium _____ changes during the action potential. ____ permeability rises, and falls with the action potential. ____ permeability rises after the action potential.

A

Permeability
Na+
K+

45
Q

Diagram of the simulation of an action potential:

A
46
Q

Sensory receptors respond to stimulus, ___ ___ ion channels open, influx of Na, leads to ____

A

Voltage gaited
Depolarization

47
Q

Opening of ____ channels bring back the resting potential membrane after an action potential

A

K+

48
Q

Potassium ____ , out of the cell, brings the membrane back to resting potential

A

Efflux

49
Q

Opening of ____ voltage gated channels lead to further depolarization and triggers an action potential. Sodium flows ___ the cell.

A

Sodium
Into

50
Q
A

Review

51
Q
A

Review

52
Q

Action potential cannot move backwards due to ____ of sodium channels

A

Inactivation

53
Q

If Na channels are mutated, the ___ ___ can not spike as fast, leading to muscle weakness and floppy baby syndrome

A

Action potential

54
Q

If there is extracellular hyperkalemia, more potassium outside the cell, cells will be ____ easier and fire off neurons faster. Leads to arrhythmias

A

Excited

55
Q

Mutation in CFTR on the lumen side of the cell, will cause a ____ in chlorine into the cell. Water does not follow like it should leading to ____ mucous membranes. Causing cystic fibrosis.

A

Decrease
Thicker

56
Q

Cause of cystic fibrosis:

A
57
Q

If mucus membranes are thicker, ____ ___ will be impaired, bacterial pathogens will remain in the airway

A

Mucociliary clearance

58
Q

If K channels are mutated, ____ will be slower, causing ataxia

A

Repolarization

59
Q

If ligand gated cation channels have a gain of function mutation, they are more likely to ____, causing an easier excitable cell leading to ____

A

Open
Seizures

60
Q

If K voltage gated channel are mutated, potassium will be ____ in the cell, leading to a more positive action potential and a more ___ excitable cell

A

Trapped
Easily

61
Q

Voltage gated sodium channel mutation ____ the ability to close the channels, causing an excessive ____ of sodium, causing more excitable cells, and ____

A

Inhibiting
Influx
Seizures

Fundamentals Exam 3 (17 decks)

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