Ion Channels

Question 1

A cell in your body can act like a ____. We open and close ___ channels to allow electricity to flow

Answer 1

Battery
Ion

Question 2

Ion channels are ____ proteins across the membrane

Answer 2

Integral

Question 3

A ____ has alternating sides opening and closing. A ____ opens to both sides of the membrane forming a pore. In a channel, substances move ____ their electrochemical gradient

Answer 3

Transporter
Channel
Down

Question 4

Ion channels are made up of different subunits, making them ____ channels
The structure dictates the ____

Answer 4

Heterogenous
Function

Question 5

Channels provide a means for ___ to cross the membrane which is essential to cell function. Gating refers to the ____ that opens the channel

Answer 5

Ions
Stimulus

Question 6

Active transporters actively move selected ions ____ the concentration gradient

Answer 6

Against

Question 7

Ion channels allow ions to ____ down concentration gradient. They are selectively permeable

Answer 7

Diffuse

Question 8

____ ____ establish and maintain the gradients that ions use to move through ion channels

Answer 8

Active transporters

Question 9

The Na+/K+ ATPase maintains the gradient by action of a pump that moves ____ to the extracellular fluid where ___ concentration is already high. It moves ____ to the Intracellular fluid where ____ is already high. That is why ___ is required

Answer 9

Na
Na
K
K
ATP

Question 10

If a K+ channel opens, K+ will flow ____ the concentration gradient to the ____ of the cell

Answer 10

Down
Outside

Question 11

If Na channels open, Na will flow ___ the concentration gradient to the ____ of the cell

Answer 11

Down
Inside

Question 12

____ channels are always open. Help maintain resting membrane potential. Permeate ___ more than ___

Answer 12

Leak
K+
Na+

Question 13

______ channels are activated by membrane potential, Na, Ca, K, and Cl channels

Answer 13

Voltage-gated

Question 14

____ ____ ____ channels are regulated by ligands (neurotransmitters), glutamate, GABA, and glycine receptor channels

Answer 14

Extracellular ligand-activated

Question 15

____ ____ channels are regulated by temperature and pain, TRP channels

Answer 15

Thermos-sensitive

Question 16

______ and _____ channels are activated by touch, hearing, cardiovascular regulation, sensing of gravity and osmotic stress, not well classified

Answer 16

Mechano-sensory
Volume-regulated

Question 17

____ channels include the GAP junctions, peptide ion channels like Gramicidin, venomous insect toxins like the conus toxins from cone shells

Answer 17

Miscellaneous

Question 18

Leak channels are open ___ of the time. They have a large influence on excitable cells at ____. Na, K and Cl are the common leak channels with ___ being the most abundant and has the most influence on the ____ membrane potential

Answer 18

Most
Rest
K
Resting

Question 19

Why is it important to monitor plasma K+ in the hospital?

Question 20

Voltage gated channels are most often found in ____ cells such as neurons and muscles. They contain a ____ which is a negative and positive charge that changed shape with a change in electrical environment

Answer 20

Excitable
Dipole

Question 21

Voltage gated Na and K channels are essential to the generation and transmission of ___ ____. Voltage gated ____ permitting signaling in many cell types- neurons, muscles, beta cells in pancreatic islets

Answer 21

Action potentials
Ca2+

Question 22

Sensory receptors perform ____ which is the turning of a stimulus like heat, cold, vibration, touch into an electrical signal

Answer 22

Transduction

Question 23

______ convert a temperature stimulus to electrical energy through the opening of temperature sensitive channels called ____ ____ ___ channels (TRP)

Answer 23

Thermoreceptors
Transient receptor potential

Question 24

Glutamate receptors are examples of ___ gated channels which permit Na and Ca to ___ the cell. Glutamate is highly excitatory in the ____

Answer 24

Ligand
Enter
Brain

Question 25

Activation of ___ ____ receptors allows influx of cations and depolarizes the membrane potential (graded potential)

Answer 25

Ionotropic glutamate

Question 26

Examples of ionotropic glutamate receptors:

Answer 26

Question 27

A stroke can lead to _____ toxicity

Answer 27

Glutamate

Question 28

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane, conductance regulator (CFTR) is a ligand gated ____ channel. this channel is ____ and individuals with cystic fibrosis

Answer 28

Cl- Mutated

Question 29

The cystic fibrosis, transmembrane, conductance regulator is found in both the ____ and the __ ___, patience with cystic fibrosis mutation can have both respiratory and G.I. symptoms

Answer 29

Lungs GI tract

Question 30

_____ contain voltage gated sodium and potassium channels

Answer 30

Axon

Question 31

_____ at the end of neurons for neurotransmitter released with voltage gated calcium channels

Answer 31

Terminals

Question 32

______ at ligand gated ion channels and ____ at transduction channels, cause smaller potentials called graded potentials.

Answer 32

Neurotransmitters Stimuli

Question 33

If those smaller graded potentials some up to a threshold level, voltage gated ___ and ____ channels, generate and propagate an ___ ___

Answer 33

Na+ K+ Action potential

Question 34

At rest, more ___ leaves a cell than ____ enters a cell. This generates a ____ potential at the membrane, that is between -90 and -70 mV

Answer 34

K+ Na+

Question 35

Neural transmitters bind to the ___ ___ of neurons, and open channels that change the membrane potential

Answer 35

Cell body

Question 36

This diagram shows what all three of these processes look like in terms of voltage changes

Answer 36

Question 37

The ___ ___ is located at the first node of sensory axons

Answer 37

Trigger zone

Question 38

Voltage gated ____ channels open first, than Voltage gated ____ channels open more slowly

Answer 38

Na+ K+

Question 39

Fast voltage gated sodium channels open quickly and show three states:

Answer 39

Closed, opened, and inactivated

Question 40

___ and ____ inactivation of voltage gaited sodium channels

Answer 40

Ball and chain

Question 41

You can find multiple varieties of ____ channels within the same cell type a concept students will revisit in the cardiovascular course

Answer 41

K+

Question 42

In neurons K+ channels open and close more ____ then do sodium channels. As the voltage gated potassium channels, open potassium ions ____ the cell, making the membrane potential more ____.

Answer 42

Slowly Exit Negative

Question 43

Voltage gated states of sodium and potassium channels:

Answer 43

Question 44

Sodium and potassium _____ changes during the action potential. ____ permeability rises, and falls with the action potential. ____ permeability rises after the action potential.

Answer 44

Permeability Na+ K+

Question 45

Diagram of the simulation of an action potential:

Answer 45

Question 46

Sensory receptors respond to stimulus, ___ ___ ion channels open, influx of Na, leads to ____

Answer 46

Voltage gaited Depolarization

Question 47

Opening of ____ channels bring back the resting potential membrane after an action potential

Answer 47

K+

Question 48

Potassium ____ , out of the cell, brings the membrane back to resting potential

Answer 48

Efflux

Question 49

Opening of ____ voltage gated channels lead to further depolarization and triggers an action potential. Sodium flows ___ the cell.

Answer 49

Sodium Into

Question 50

Answer 50

Review

Question 51

Answer 51

Review

Question 52

Action potential cannot move backwards due to ____ of sodium channels

Answer 52

Inactivation

Question 53

If Na channels are mutated, the ___ ___ can not spike as fast, leading to muscle weakness and floppy baby syndrome

Answer 53

Action potential

Question 54

If there is extracellular hyperkalemia, more potassium outside the cell, cells will be ____ easier and fire off neurons faster. Leads to arrhythmias

Answer 54

Excited

Question 55

Mutation in CFTR on the lumen side of the cell, will cause a ____ in chlorine into the cell. Water does not follow like it should leading to ____ mucous membranes. Causing cystic fibrosis.

Answer 55

Decrease Thicker

Question 56

Cause of cystic fibrosis:

Answer 56

Question 57

If mucus membranes are thicker, ____ ___ will be impaired, bacterial pathogens will remain in the airway

Answer 57

Mucociliary clearance

Question 58

If K channels are mutated, ____ will be slower, causing ataxia

Answer 58

Repolarization

Question 59

If ligand gated cation channels have a gain of function mutation, they are more likely to ____, causing an easier excitable cell leading to ____

Answer 59

Open Seizures

Question 60

If K voltage gated channel are mutated, potassium will be ____ in the cell, leading to a more positive action potential and a more ___ excitable cell

Answer 60

Trapped Easily

Question 61

Voltage gated sodium channel mutation ____ the ability to close the channels, causing an excessive ____ of sodium, causing more excitable cells, and ____

Answer 61

Inhibiting Influx Seizures