Fed and Fasted State Metabolism Flashcards
____ availability and the needs of ____are balanced in the body by level of nutrients hormone levels and nerve impulse
Fuel
Tissue
The ____ state is immediately after a meal, and last 2 to 4 hours. After that the body switches to a ____ State. If there’s no further nutrition, there is a transition to the ____ state, which can persist for weeks.
Fed
Fasted
Starved
Dietary fuels are transported from the ___ of the gut to the ___ in digestion. Excess fuels are stored as ____, fat, and protein.
Lumen
Blood
Glycogen
_____ promotes storage pathways. These stored fuels are made available for later use by ___, cortisol and catecholamines.
Insulin
Glucagon
If glucose concentration is high in the blood _____ is released from pancreatic beta cells. This represses ___ release from pancreatic alpha cells.
Insulin
Glucagon
In the fasted state ____ is the dominant hormone. ____ ____ catabolism is being performed in this state.
Glucagon
Amino acid
In the Fed state ____ is the dominant hormone. _____ catabolism is being performed.
Insulin
Carbohydrate
In the starved state ____ along with catecholamines and cortisol, are the dominant hormones. ___ ____ catabolism is being performed.
Glucagon
Fatty acid
What is the significance of the ratio of insulin to C-peptide?
Pancreatic beta cells express the ____ gene. It is first translated as a single large protein, which is then processed into 2 chains through removal of the ___ ____. Disulfide bonds link the two peptide chains after the C-peptide is removed.
INS1
C-peptide
Insulin synthesis:
Pancreatic beta cells produce insulin as a large _____. A signal protein directs it to the lumen of the ___ ____ is the first cut off, followed by removal of the C-peptide in the ___. ____ bonds link the two peptide chains. Mature insulin is stored in ___ ____ stabilized by zinc atoms.
Pre-protein
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi
Disulfide
hexameric crystals
Blood glucose enters the liver cell through the high Kd ____ transporter, and is oxidized to generate ___. The high level of ATP, then inhibits ____ channels, causing depolarization of the cell. This causes voltage gated ____ channels to open. An influx of ____ causes proteins on insulin containing vesicles to fuse with the ___ ___ and release insulin to the blood.
GLUT2
ATP
K+
Calcium
Calcium
Plasma membrane
The insulin receptor is a ___ ____. When insulin binds, it activates a kinase that phosphorylates ____ on itself and other proteins. This makes more binding sites, and ___ ___ at the membrane.
Tyrosine kinase
Tyrosine
Aggregate proteins
The insulin receptor has two main signaling arms:
Through ___ ____ to PKB and through ____ to MAPK.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (P13-kinase)
Grb2
PI 3-kinase phosphorylates the membrane phospholipid _____ _____ to form phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate. PI-3,4,5-trisP then recruits ___ and ___. PKB is phosphorylated by ____ and activated. It’s phosphorylates many substrates to promote ____ processes.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate
PDK1 and PKB
PDK1
Anabolic
Grb2 recruits ___ to the membrane which is a ____ nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), allowing Ras to swap guanosine diphosphate for guanosine triphosphate. This activates ____ which then binds and activates ___. Raf initiates a cascade of phosphorylation’s ultimately activating transcription factors that remodel gene expression to promote ____.
SOS
Guanosine
Ras
Raf
Anabolism
Insulin ____ the uptake of glucose in skeletal muscles and adipocytes and promotes it’s conversion to ____ ___ and ____. While activating a storage pathways, insulin also ____ the corresponding pathways that release stored fuels.
Promotes
Fatty acids
Glycogen
Represses
In the muscle and adipose cells, ____ activation by insulin results in translocation of intracellular vesicles that contain the ____ glucose transporter to the plasma membrane. This increases the rate of glucose uptake in these tissues.
AKT
GLUT4
Insulin promotes the storage of excess carbohydrate as the Glucose polymer ____. The activation of ___ ___ __ (PKB or Akt) and ___ _____ activates glycogen synthesis and inactivates glycogen phosphorylase.
Glycogen
Protein kinase B
Protein phosphatase -1
Protein phosphatase-1 inhibits _____ and activates ____ synthesis.
Glycogenolysis
Glycogen
If nutrition exceeds the immediate work demands, storage pathways are activated:
Glycogen synthesis
Fatty acids synthesis
Cholesterol synthesis
Protein synthesis
When dietary carbohydrates are depleted in the fasted state, the liver supplies ____ to the rest of the body.
_____: generating glucose from stores within the liver.
_____: generating glucose from substrates that come from outside the liver
Glucose
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Low blood glucose is detected by the ____ and the ___.
Hypothalamus
Pancreas
____ is the hungry hormone. It is released into the circulation when there is low glucose, concentration and low levels of insulin. ____, ____, and ____ can also stimulate release.
Glucagon
Cortisol
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Glucagon signals through a _____ ___ protein, coupled receptor, which results in mobilization of _____.
Heterotrimeric G
cAMP
Glucagon synthesis:
The hormone glucagon is encoded on the ___ gene. The gene encodes a large pre-protein which is cut into the active hormone ____.
GCG
Glucagon
Glucagon is stored in vesicles within pancreatic ___ ____ cells, until low blood glucose stimulates, it’s released into the blood.
Islet alpha
In high glucose conditions, insulin released by beta cells inhibits glucagon release by ____ alpha cells.
Adjacent
Glucagon has ____ effects in multiple tissues. With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, its most important effect is to increase ____ _____ output.
Pleiotropic
Hepatic glucose
The liver and Adipose are the tissues most affected by glucagon. Glucagon promotes _____ in adipose, and ___ and ____ in the liver, while repressing _____ and fatty acid synthesis.
Lipolysis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenogenesis
When glucagon binds the heterotrimeric G protein coupled receptor, the alpha subunit exchanges ____ for ____ and becomes active. The active alpha subunit then activates ___ ___ which produces cAMP
GDP
GTP
Adenyl cyclase
cAMP binds to the regulatory subunits of ___ ___ __, causing them to dissociate from the catalytic subunits, this active protein kinase A then phosphorylates substrates that promote the liberation of ___ ___.
Protein kinase A
Stored fuels
After cAMP causes dissociation of protein kinase A, PKA then phosphorylates ___ ____ that Cleve glucose from glycogen. PKA phosphorylation of ____ _____ reprograms transcription.
Cytoplasmic enzymes
Transcription factors
In the fasted state, hormone sensitive ____ is active and cuts triacylglycerol into ___ ___ and ____.
Lipase
Fatty acids
Glycerol
Fasted state summary:
Multiple endocrine neoplasm type one (MEN1) is a syndrome in which patients get multiple tumors in ____ tissue
Endocrine
MLL modulates the histone code at histone three, lysing for the lysine can either be mono di or tri- ____.
Methylated
When menin interacts with the MLL complex, it generates a specific ___ ___ that increases transcription of genes that negatively regulate the cell cycle and ____ tumor development. When menin function is lost due to mutation, this growth, inhibitory function is lost and ___ development is more likely.
Methyl code
Inhibit
Tumor
____ expression occurs rapidly in skeletal muscle cells.
GLUT4
_____ converts cAMP to 5’ AMP, inactivating it
Phosphodiesterase
Fed state
Insulin
80 to 140 mg/dL
Proteolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Disruption in glucose homeostasis hypoglycemia
Overproduction of insulin
