Innate Immunity Flashcards
Cells of the innate immune response:
Mast cell, neutrophil, Basophil, dendritic cell, macrophage, and eosinophil
You are born with your ____ immune system. It is ____ and passed down from parents
Innate
Inherited
Anatomical and physical immune barriers:
Skin, ciliary clearance in respiratory tract, low stomach pH, and lysozymes in tears and saliva
Natural killer cells, neutrophils, mannose binding lectin, LPS binding protein, C reactive protein, and anti microbial peptides are all part of the ___ immune system
Innate
___ ___ cells include basophils, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, dendritic cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)
Primary effector
____, ____, and ____ walk the fine line between innate and adaptive immune systems
Dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages
Viruses activate ___ ____ cells which then target cell lysis
Natural killer
Bacteria activate _____ and ____ cells which then perform phagocytosis
Macrophages, dendritic
Bacteria also activate ____ binding, leading to bacterial lysis
Complement
____ differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to ____. They are stored in the ____, move through ___ ___ to infected tissue
Monocyte
Inflammation
Spleen
Blood vessels
_____ cytokine induces a fever, inflammation, endothelial expression, adhesion molecules, and chemokine secretion (WBC recruitment)
IL-1
_____ cytokine induces differentiation and proliferation of TH2 cells. Class switching of IgM to IgE. Roll in class one hypersensitivity reaction.
IL-4
_____ is a cytokine that induces, fever, and acute phase protein production
IL-6
_____ ____ ___ ____ causes endothelial activation. White blood cell recruitment. Vascular leakiness. And fever.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)
_____ cytokine is a neutrophil chemotactic factor
IL-8
_____ causes natural killer cell activation and TH1 differentiation
IL-12
____ _____ and ____ ____ induce innate defense against viruses via inhibition of protein synthesis and induces ribonuclease to degrade mRNA. activates natural killer cells killing functions.
Interferon alpha (INFalpha)
Interferon beta (INFbeta)
____ ____ is secreted by natural killer cells. It is produced in response to IL-12 . It induces macrophage killing of phagocytoses pathogens. It induces IgG isotype switching. It inhibits TH2 differentiation.
Interferon gamma
Natural killer cells are derived from common ____ progenitor. They play a major role in protection against ____, ____, and ____ cells.
Lymphoid
Infected
Stressed
Cancer
_____ causes clean up on aisle eight. Neutrophils are recruited by this cytokine to clear infections.
IL-8
Natural killer cells killing is initiated by ____ of ____.
Self = normal endogenous MHCI: antigen peptide complexes
Absence of self
Natural killer ____ function as “kill” or “don’t kill” switches (binary)
Natural killer cells are stimulated by innate cytokines: ___, ____, and ____
IFNalpha, IFNbeta, and IL-12
Natural killer cells potent ____ and _____ producer
INFgamma
TNFalpha
Natural killer cells response to a viral infection:
Natural killer cells, express inhibitory, and activating receptors:
A virus will inhibit _____ __ _____ expression on a natural killer cell and only bind to the ____ site
Class I MHC
Inhibitory
When natural killer cells encounters a healthy cell both it’s _____ receptor and _____ receptor are bound. The presence of an activating signal will always be overridden by an ____ signal in the natural killer cell
Activator
Inhibitory
Inhibitory
Natural killer cells use a ____ ____ mechanism of killing, using ____ ___ (a serine protease) and _____ (Oligomeric pore-forming protein)
Granule-mediated
Granzyme B
Peforin
Natural killer cells also use a ___ ___-___ mechanism of killing using Fas (target cell): FasL (NK cell) and TRAIL R (target cell): TRAIL (NK cell$
Death receptor-mediated
Both mechanisms of natural killer cell killing induces ______
Apoptosis
The cells of the innate immune system recognize pathogens and damage cells by ____ ____ ____
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
Cells of the innate immune system recognize and bind ____ -____ molecular patterns (PAMPs) and ____ -____ molecular patterns (DAMPs)
Pathogen-associated
Damage-associated
____ ___ ____ are extra cellular or lysosomal recognition.
___ ____ are intracellular recognition
Membrane associated receptors
Cytoplasmic receptors
___-___ receptors are a membrane associated receptor with 11 different transmembrane proteins with recognition of specific molecules such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
Toll-like (TLRs)
____ ___ receptors are membrane associated receptors that are expressed primarily on dendritic cells. Bind Manos, fructose and glucan
C-type lectin (CLRs)
Activation of TLRs leads to production of ___ mediators
Innate
Diagram of C-type lectin receptor:
NOD-like receptors have 4 functional pathways:
NOD-like receptors are ___ sensors. They have ___ range specificity (bacterial, fungal, parasitic, viral). They form the signaling complex _____
Cytoplasmic
Broad
Inflammasome
______ like receptors ( RLRs) are expressed on _____. They have cytosolic ___ RNA detection. They result in ____ interferons
RIG-I
Phagocytes
Viral
Type I
____ pattern receptor binds to microbial surfaces. It is found in the plasma. It is a soluble pattern recognition
Complement
_____ receptor is a soluble pattern recognition that bind to N-acetylglucosamine and lipoteichoic acid components of the cell walls of gram positive bacteria
Ficolins
_____ soluble pattern recognition receptors bind to microbial phosphorycholine and phosphatidyethanolamine
Pentraxins
The complement cascade forms a ___ ___ ___ that causes osmotic cytolysis. It is activated by microbes, antibodies, and lectins. It causes sequential _____. It is controlled by the regulatory proteins present on normal ____ cells, thus limiting damage
Membrane attack complex (MAC)
Proteolysis
Host
Three pathways of activation for complement:
Classical- Ag antibody complex recognition
Lectin- mannose binding protein C
Alternative- zymosan, inulin, etc.
Diagram of complement activation pathways:
MAC:
C5 convertase cleaves ___, turning it into C5b bound to convertase. C5b bind ___ and ___, forming ____ complex that gets inserted into the plasma membrane. ___ is added to C5bC6C7, forming unstable membrane pore. ____ binds, causing homo-oligomerizes forming the stable MAC, which causes ____.
C5
C6
C7
C5bC6C7
C8
C9
Lysis
Function of complement:
Cell bound C3b forms a _____, leading to _____ of coated cell
Opsonin
Phagocytosis
Function of complement:
Proteolytic products recruit ____ and inflammation. Microbes are destroyed
Leukocytes
Function of complement:
C3b binds, activating late components of ____, forms MAC, and ____ cell lysis of bacteria
Complement
Osmotic
____ help cells kill pathogens
Granules
____ and ____ facilitate the fever response and septic response
IL-1
IL-6
____ is often associated with allergies
IL-4
____ activates natural killer cells
IL-12
Common cytokines include:
IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12,
INF alpha, beta and gamma
All cells in body produce ___ antigens. The lack of ____ will activate natural killer cells. They are activated because they don’t see ___, not because they see a pathogen signal
Self
Self
Self
___ ___ cells control viral infections for the first couple days until adaptive immunity comes in
Natural killer
Granule mediated killing mechanisms involves granzyme B traveling through the pore that ___ induced on the pathogen
Perforin
What natural killer cell complex interacts or doesn’t interact with the target cell?
C type lectins
How do the cells of the innate immune system recognize pathogens and/or damaged cells?
Pattern recognition receptors, either membrane bound or cytoplasmic
There is a ___ range of specificities in pattern recognition receptors
Broad
Activation of pattern recognition receptors, activated ___, ____, and ____ signaling pathways
MAPK
NFkB
IRF
TLR is a ____. We can use TLR agonists drugs to target cancer cells
Receptor
_____ receptor ligands include lipoproteins, lipoteichoic acid (gram positive), Peptidoglycan, and zymosan
TLR2
_____ receptor ligands include LPS (gram negative), viral envelope protein MMTV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
TLR4
____ receptor ligand is flagellin
TLR5
____ is a receptor with ligands that include lipoteichoic acid (gram positive), Diacyl lipoproteins, and zymosan (fungi/yeast)
TLR6
____ and ____ receptor ligands include single strand RNA
TLR7
TLR8
____ receptor ligands are Unmethylated CpG DNA
TLR9
_____ like receptors activate caspase 1, activates IL-18, activates MAPK and NFkB, facilitates ______ which is osmotic programmed cell death
NOD
pyroptosis
NOD like receptors create an _____
Inflammasome
RIG-I like receptors mainly recognize ___, not as broad as NOD like receptors
Viruses
NOD like receptors and RIG like receptors are both types of ____ ____ receptor s
Pattern recognition
An antigen antibody complex results in the _____ pathway of activation
____ pathway is when microbial surface bind
____ pathway is when lectins bind carbohydrates on pathogens
Classical
Alternative
Lectin
