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Fundamentals Exam 3 > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Cells of the innate immune response:

A

Mast cell, neutrophil, Basophil, dendritic cell, macrophage, and eosinophil

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2
Q

You are born with your ____ immune system. It is ____ and passed down from parents

A

Innate
Inherited

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3
Q

Anatomical and physical immune barriers:

A

Skin, ciliary clearance in respiratory tract, low stomach pH, and lysozymes in tears and saliva

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4
Q

Natural killer cells, neutrophils, mannose binding lectin, LPS binding protein, C reactive protein, and anti microbial peptides are all part of the ___ immune system

A

Innate

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5
Q

___ ___ cells include basophils, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, dendritic cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)

A

Primary effector

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6
Q

____, ____, and ____ walk the fine line between innate and adaptive immune systems

A

Dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages

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7
Q

Viruses activate ___ ____ cells which then target cell lysis

A

Natural killer

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8
Q

Bacteria activate _____ and ____ cells which then perform phagocytosis

A

Macrophages, dendritic

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9
Q

Bacteria also activate ____ binding, leading to bacterial lysis

A

Complement

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10
Q

____ differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to ____. They are stored in the ____, move through ___ ___ to infected tissue

A

Monocyte
Inflammation
Spleen
Blood vessels

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11
Q

_____ cytokine induces a fever, inflammation, endothelial expression, adhesion molecules, and chemokine secretion (WBC recruitment)

A

IL-1

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12
Q

_____ cytokine induces differentiation and proliferation of TH2 cells. Class switching of IgM to IgE. Roll in class one hypersensitivity reaction.

A

IL-4

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13
Q

_____ is a cytokine that induces, fever, and acute phase protein production

A

IL-6

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14
Q

_____ ____ ___ ____ causes endothelial activation. White blood cell recruitment. Vascular leakiness. And fever.

A

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)

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15
Q

_____ cytokine is a neutrophil chemotactic factor

A

IL-8

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16
Q

_____ causes natural killer cell activation and TH1 differentiation

A

IL-12

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17
Q

____ _____ and ____ ____ induce innate defense against viruses via inhibition of protein synthesis and induces ribonuclease to degrade mRNA. activates natural killer cells killing functions.

A

Interferon alpha (INFalpha)
Interferon beta (INFbeta)

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18
Q

____ ____ is secreted by natural killer cells. It is produced in response to IL-12 . It induces macrophage killing of phagocytoses pathogens. It induces IgG isotype switching. It inhibits TH2 differentiation.

A

Interferon gamma

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19
Q

Natural killer cells are derived from common ____ progenitor. They play a major role in protection against ____, ____, and ____ cells.

A

Lymphoid
Infected
Stressed
Cancer

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20
Q

_____ causes clean up on aisle eight. Neutrophils are recruited by this cytokine to clear infections.

A

IL-8

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21
Q

Natural killer cells killing is initiated by ____ of ____.
Self = normal endogenous MHCI: antigen peptide complexes

A

Absence of self

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22
Q

Natural killer ____ function as “kill” or “don’t kill” switches (binary)

A
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23
Q

Natural killer cells are stimulated by innate cytokines: ___, ____, and ____

A

IFNalpha, IFNbeta, and IL-12

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24
Q

Natural killer cells potent ____ and _____ producer

A

INFgamma
TNFalpha

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25
Q

Natural killer cells response to a viral infection:

A
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26
Q

Natural killer cells, express inhibitory, and activating receptors:

A
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27
Q

A virus will inhibit _____ __ _____ expression on a natural killer cell and only bind to the ____ site

A

Class I MHC
Inhibitory

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28
Q

When natural killer cells encounters a healthy cell both it’s _____ receptor and _____ receptor are bound. The presence of an activating signal will always be overridden by an ____ signal in the natural killer cell

A

Activator
Inhibitory
Inhibitory

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29
Q

Natural killer cells use a ____ ____ mechanism of killing, using ____ ___ (a serine protease) and _____ (Oligomeric pore-forming protein)

A

Granule-mediated
Granzyme B
Peforin

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30
Q

Natural killer cells also use a ___ ___-___ mechanism of killing using Fas (target cell): FasL (NK cell) and TRAIL R (target cell): TRAIL (NK cell$

A

Death receptor-mediated

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31
Q

Both mechanisms of natural killer cell killing induces ______

A

Apoptosis

32
Q

The cells of the innate immune system recognize pathogens and damage cells by ____ ____ ____

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

33
Q

Cells of the innate immune system recognize and bind ____ -____ molecular patterns (PAMPs) and ____ -____ molecular patterns (DAMPs)

A

Pathogen-associated
Damage-associated

34
Q

____ ___ ____ are extra cellular or lysosomal recognition.
___ ____ are intracellular recognition

A

Membrane associated receptors
Cytoplasmic receptors

35
Q

___-___ receptors are a membrane associated receptor with 11 different transmembrane proteins with recognition of specific molecules such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites

A

Toll-like (TLRs)

36
Q

____ ___ receptors are membrane associated receptors that are expressed primarily on dendritic cells. Bind Manos, fructose and glucan

A

C-type lectin (CLRs)

37
Q

Activation of TLRs leads to production of ___ mediators

A

Innate

38
Q

Diagram of C-type lectin receptor:

A
39
Q

NOD-like receptors have 4 functional pathways:

A
40
Q

NOD-like receptors are ___ sensors. They have ___ range specificity (bacterial, fungal, parasitic, viral). They form the signaling complex _____

A

Cytoplasmic
Broad
Inflammasome

41
Q

______ like receptors ( RLRs) are expressed on _____. They have cytosolic ___ RNA detection. They result in ____ interferons

A

RIG-I
Phagocytes
Viral
Type I

42
Q

____ pattern receptor binds to microbial surfaces. It is found in the plasma. It is a soluble pattern recognition

A

Complement

43
Q

_____ receptor is a soluble pattern recognition that bind to N-acetylglucosamine and lipoteichoic acid components of the cell walls of gram positive bacteria

A

Ficolins

44
Q

_____ soluble pattern recognition receptors bind to microbial phosphorycholine and phosphatidyethanolamine

A

Pentraxins

45
Q

The complement cascade forms a ___ ___ ___ that causes osmotic cytolysis. It is activated by microbes, antibodies, and lectins. It causes sequential _____. It is controlled by the regulatory proteins present on normal ____ cells, thus limiting damage

A

Membrane attack complex (MAC)
Proteolysis
Host

46
Q

Three pathways of activation for complement:

A

Classical- Ag antibody complex recognition
Lectin- mannose binding protein C
Alternative- zymosan, inulin, etc.

47
Q

Diagram of complement activation pathways:

A
48
Q

MAC:
C5 convertase cleaves ___, turning it into C5b bound to convertase. C5b bind ___ and ___, forming ____ complex that gets inserted into the plasma membrane. ___ is added to C5bC6C7, forming unstable membrane pore. ____ binds, causing homo-oligomerizes forming the stable MAC, which causes ____.

A

C5
C6
C7
C5bC6C7
C8
C9
Lysis

49
Q

Function of complement:
Cell bound C3b forms a _____, leading to _____ of coated cell

A

Opsonin
Phagocytosis

50
Q

Function of complement:
Proteolytic products recruit ____ and inflammation. Microbes are destroyed

A

Leukocytes

51
Q

Function of complement:
C3b binds, activating late components of ____, forms MAC, and ____ cell lysis of bacteria

A

Complement
Osmotic

52
Q

____ help cells kill pathogens

A

Granules

53
Q

____ and ____ facilitate the fever response and septic response

A

IL-1
IL-6

54
Q

____ is often associated with allergies

A

IL-4

55
Q

____ activates natural killer cells

A

IL-12

56
Q

Common cytokines include:

A

IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12,
INF alpha, beta and gamma

57
Q

All cells in body produce ___ antigens. The lack of ____ will activate natural killer cells. They are activated because they don’t see ___, not because they see a pathogen signal

A

Self
Self
Self

58
Q

___ ___ cells control viral infections for the first couple days until adaptive immunity comes in

A

Natural killer

59
Q

Granule mediated killing mechanisms involves granzyme B traveling through the pore that ___ induced on the pathogen

A

Perforin

60
Q

What natural killer cell complex interacts or doesn’t interact with the target cell?

A

C type lectins

61
Q

How do the cells of the innate immune system recognize pathogens and/or damaged cells?

A

Pattern recognition receptors, either membrane bound or cytoplasmic

62
Q

There is a ___ range of specificities in pattern recognition receptors

A

Broad

63
Q

Activation of pattern recognition receptors, activated ___, ____, and ____ signaling pathways

A

MAPK
NFkB
IRF

64
Q

TLR is a ____. We can use TLR agonists drugs to target cancer cells

A

Receptor

65
Q

_____ receptor ligands include lipoproteins, lipoteichoic acid (gram positive), Peptidoglycan, and zymosan

A

TLR2

66
Q

_____ receptor ligands include LPS (gram negative), viral envelope protein MMTV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

A

TLR4

67
Q

____ receptor ligand is flagellin

A

TLR5

68
Q

____ is a receptor with ligands that include lipoteichoic acid (gram positive), Diacyl lipoproteins, and zymosan (fungi/yeast)

A

TLR6

69
Q

____ and ____ receptor ligands include single strand RNA

A

TLR7
TLR8

70
Q

____ receptor ligands are Unmethylated CpG DNA

A

TLR9

71
Q

_____ like receptors activate caspase 1, activates IL-18, activates MAPK and NFkB, facilitates ______ which is osmotic programmed cell death

A

NOD
pyroptosis

72
Q

NOD like receptors create an _____

A

Inflammasome

73
Q

RIG-I like receptors mainly recognize ___, not as broad as NOD like receptors

A

Viruses

74
Q

NOD like receptors and RIG like receptors are both types of ____ ____ receptor s

A

Pattern recognition

75
Q

An antigen antibody complex results in the _____ pathway of activation
____ pathway is when microbial surface bind
____ pathway is when lectins bind carbohydrates on pathogens

A

Classical
Alternative
Lectin

Fundamentals Exam 3 (17 decks)

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