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Fundamentals Exam 3 > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Cells of the innate immune response:

A

Mast cell, neutrophil, Basophil, dendritic cell, macrophage, and eosinophil

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2
Q

You are born with your ____ immune system. It is ____ and passed down from parents

A

Innate
Inherited

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3
Q

Anatomical and physical immune barriers:

A

Skin, ciliary clearance in respiratory tract, low stomach pH, and lysozymes in tears and saliva

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4
Q

Natural killer cells, neutrophils, mannose binding lectin, LPS binding protein, C reactive protein, and anti microbial peptides are all part of the ___ immune system

A

Innate

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5
Q

___ ___ cells include basophils, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, dendritic cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)

A

Primary effector

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6
Q

____, ____, and ____ walk the fine line between innate and adaptive immune systems

A

Dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages

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7
Q

Viruses activate ___ ____ cells which then target cell lysis

A

Natural killer

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8
Q

Bacteria activate _____ and ____ cells which then perform phagocytosis

A

Macrophages, dendritic

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9
Q

Bacteria also activate ____ binding, leading to bacterial lysis

A

Complement

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10
Q

____ differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to ____. They are stored in the ____, move through ___ ___ to infected tissue

A

Monocyte
Inflammation
Spleen
Blood vessels

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11
Q

_____ cytokine induces a fever, inflammation, endothelial expression, adhesion molecules, and chemokine secretion (WBC recruitment)

A

IL-1

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12
Q

_____ cytokine induces differentiation and proliferation of TH2 cells. Class switching of IgM to IgE. Roll in class one hypersensitivity reaction.

A

IL-4

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13
Q

_____ is a cytokine that induces, fever, and acute phase protein production

A

IL-6

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14
Q

_____ ____ ___ ____ causes endothelial activation. White blood cell recruitment. Vascular leakiness. And fever.

A

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)

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15
Q

_____ cytokine is a neutrophil chemotactic factor

A

IL-8

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16
Q

_____ causes natural killer cell activation and TH1 differentiation

A

IL-12

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17
Q

____ _____ and ____ ____ induce innate defense against viruses via inhibition of protein synthesis and induces ribonuclease to degrade mRNA. activates natural killer cells killing functions.

A

Interferon alpha (INFalpha)
Interferon beta (INFbeta)

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18
Q

____ ____ is secreted by natural killer cells. It is produced in response to IL-12 . It induces macrophage killing of phagocytoses pathogens. It induces IgG isotype switching. It inhibits TH2 differentiation.

A

Interferon gamma

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19
Q

Natural killer cells are derived from common ____ progenitor. They play a major role in protection against ____, ____, and ____ cells.

A

Lymphoid
Infected
Stressed
Cancer

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20
Q

_____ causes clean up on aisle eight. Neutrophils are recruited by this cytokine to clear infections.

A

IL-8

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21
Q

Natural killer cells killing is initiated by ____ of ____.
Self = normal endogenous MHCI: antigen peptide complexes

A

Absence of self

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22
Q

Natural killer ____ function as “kill” or “don’t kill” switches (binary)

A
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23
Q

Natural killer cells are stimulated by innate cytokines: ___, ____, and ____

A

IFNalpha, IFNbeta, and IL-12

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24
Q

Natural killer cells potent ____ and _____ producer

A

INFgamma
TNFalpha

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25
Natural killer cells response to a viral infection:
26
Natural killer cells, express inhibitory, and activating receptors:
27
A virus will inhibit _____ __ _____ expression on a natural killer cell and only bind to the ____ site
Class I MHC Inhibitory
28
When natural killer cells encounters a healthy cell both it’s _____ receptor and _____ receptor are bound. The presence of an activating signal will always be overridden by an ____ signal in the natural killer cell
Activator Inhibitory Inhibitory
29
Natural killer cells use a ____ ____ mechanism of killing, using ____ ___ (a serine protease) and _____ (Oligomeric pore-forming protein)
Granule-mediated Granzyme B Peforin
30
Natural killer cells also use a ___ ___-___ mechanism of killing using Fas (target cell): FasL (NK cell) and TRAIL R (target cell): TRAIL (NK cell$
Death receptor-mediated
31
Both mechanisms of natural killer cell killing induces ______
Apoptosis
32
The cells of the innate immune system recognize pathogens and damage cells by ____ ____ ____
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
33
Cells of the innate immune system recognize and bind ____ -____ molecular patterns (PAMPs) and ____ -____ molecular patterns (DAMPs)
Pathogen-associated Damage-associated
34
____ ___ ____ are extra cellular or lysosomal recognition. ___ ____ are intracellular recognition
Membrane associated receptors Cytoplasmic receptors
35
___-___ receptors are a membrane associated receptor with 11 different transmembrane proteins with recognition of specific molecules such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
Toll-like (TLRs)
36
____ ___ receptors are membrane associated receptors that are expressed primarily on dendritic cells. Bind Manos, fructose and glucan
C-type lectin (CLRs)
37
Activation of TLRs leads to production of ___ mediators
Innate
38
Diagram of C-type lectin receptor:
39
NOD-like receptors have 4 functional pathways:
40
NOD-like receptors are ___ sensors. They have ___ range specificity (bacterial, fungal, parasitic, viral). They form the signaling complex _____
Cytoplasmic Broad Inflammasome
41
______ like receptors ( RLRs) are expressed on _____. They have cytosolic ___ RNA detection. They result in ____ interferons
RIG-I Phagocytes Viral Type I
42
____ pattern receptor binds to microbial surfaces. It is found in the plasma. It is a soluble pattern recognition
Complement
43
_____ receptor is a soluble pattern recognition that bind to N-acetylglucosamine and lipoteichoic acid components of the cell walls of gram positive bacteria
Ficolins
44
_____ soluble pattern recognition receptors bind to microbial phosphorycholine and phosphatidyethanolamine
Pentraxins
45
The complement cascade forms a ___ ___ ___ that causes osmotic cytolysis. It is activated by microbes, antibodies, and lectins. It causes sequential _____. It is controlled by the regulatory proteins present on normal ____ cells, thus limiting damage
Membrane attack complex (MAC) Proteolysis Host
46
Three pathways of activation for complement:
Classical- Ag antibody complex recognition Lectin- mannose binding protein C Alternative- zymosan, inulin, etc.
47
Diagram of complement activation pathways:
48
MAC: C5 convertase cleaves ___, turning it into C5b bound to convertase. C5b bind ___ and ___, forming ____ complex that gets inserted into the plasma membrane. ___ is added to C5bC6C7, forming unstable membrane pore. ____ binds, causing homo-oligomerizes forming the stable MAC, which causes ____.
C5 C6 C7 C5bC6C7 C8 C9 Lysis
49
Function of complement: Cell bound C3b forms a _____, leading to _____ of coated cell
Opsonin Phagocytosis
50
Function of complement: Proteolytic products recruit ____ and inflammation. Microbes are destroyed
Leukocytes
51
Function of complement: C3b binds, activating late components of ____, forms MAC, and ____ cell lysis of bacteria
Complement Osmotic
52
____ help cells kill pathogens
Granules
53
____ and ____ facilitate the fever response and septic response
IL-1 IL-6
54
____ is often associated with allergies
IL-4
55
____ activates natural killer cells
IL-12
56
Common cytokines include:
IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, INF alpha, beta and gamma
57
All cells in body produce ___ antigens. The lack of ____ will activate natural killer cells. They are activated because they don’t see ___, not because they see a pathogen signal
Self Self Self
58
___ ___ cells control viral infections for the first couple days until adaptive immunity comes in
Natural killer
59
Granule mediated killing mechanisms involves granzyme B traveling through the pore that ___ induced on the pathogen
Perforin
60
What natural killer cell complex interacts or doesn’t interact with the target cell?
C type lectins
61
How do the cells of the innate immune system recognize pathogens and/or damaged cells?
Pattern recognition receptors, either membrane bound or cytoplasmic
62
There is a ___ range of specificities in pattern recognition receptors
Broad
63
Activation of pattern recognition receptors, activated ___, ____, and ____ signaling pathways
MAPK NFkB IRF
64
TLR is a ____. We can use TLR agonists drugs to target cancer cells
Receptor
65
_____ receptor ligands include lipoproteins, lipoteichoic acid (gram positive), Peptidoglycan, and zymosan
TLR2
66
_____ receptor ligands include LPS (gram negative), viral envelope protein MMTV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
TLR4
67
____ receptor ligand is flagellin
TLR5
68
____ is a receptor with ligands that include lipoteichoic acid (gram positive), Diacyl lipoproteins, and zymosan (fungi/yeast)
TLR6
69
____ and ____ receptor ligands include single strand RNA
TLR7 TLR8
70
____ receptor ligands are Unmethylated CpG DNA
TLR9
71
_____ like receptors activate caspase 1, activates IL-18, activates MAPK and NFkB, facilitates ______ which is osmotic programmed cell death
NOD pyroptosis
72
NOD like receptors create an _____
Inflammasome
73
RIG-I like receptors mainly recognize ___, not as broad as NOD like receptors
Viruses
74
NOD like receptors and RIG like receptors are both types of ____ ____ receptor s
Pattern recognition
75
An antigen antibody complex results in the _____ pathway of activation ____ pathway is when microbial surface bind ____ pathway is when lectins bind carbohydrates on pathogens
Classical Alternative Lectin

Fundamentals Exam 3 (17 decks)

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