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MICRO PARA CHAPTER 2 > Virus, Viroids, And Prions > Flashcards

Virus, Viroids, And Prions Flashcards

1
Q

Up to How many permanent infectious viruses does a healthy human harbor

A

Up to 10

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2
Q

It is the viral portion of the microbiome

A

Human virome

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3
Q

Is found in the same sites as the majority of bacterial microbiome

A

Human virome

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4
Q

What are the sites where human virome is found

A

Mouth, nose, skin, vagina and intestines

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5
Q

Human virome include ______ and ______ viruses

A

Persistent and latent

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6
Q

Integrated into human chromosomes makes up about 8% of the human pathogenic bacteria

A

Retrovirus genetic material

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7
Q

Retrovirus genetic material makes up how many percent of the human genome

A

8%

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8
Q

The vast majority of human virome consists of what; these are viruses that infect bacteria

A

Bacteriophages or phages

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9
Q

These affects human health and dse bu controlling growth of normal and pathogenic bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

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10
Q

2 kinds of bacteriophages

A

Kill the winner
Kill the competitor

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11
Q

Kill the winner or kill the competitor:

Strategy involves bacteriophages targeting and killing dominant bacterial colonizers in the body. This action helps prevent colonization by pathogens, as the bacteriophages benefit from having a host for reproduction.

A

Kill the winner

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12
Q

Kill the winner or kill the competitor:

By eliminating dominant bacterial colonizers, the __________ strategy prevents pathogen colonization, thus aiding in the maintenance of a healthy microbiome.

A

Kill the winner

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13
Q

Kill the winner or kill the competitor:

strategy involves bacteriophages protecting the bacterial microbiome from invasion by other bacteria vying to gain a foothold in the area. This helps maintain the balance of the microbiome.

A

Kill the competitor

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14
Q

Kill the winner or kill the competitor:

In the intestines, certain bacteria release lytic bacteriophages when competing enterococci are present. This action eliminates the competition and preserves the stability of the microbiome.

A

Kill the competitor

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15
Q

In kill the winner, what do bacteriophages kill

A

Colonizers

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16
Q

In an example of kill the competitor, im the intestines, ________ bacteria release ______ bacteriophages, from ____, when competing _________ are present - thus killing the competition

A

Enterococcus
Lytic
Prophages
Enterococci

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17
Q

The virus remains in the host cell for long periods without producing infection

A

Latent viral infections

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18
Q

Examples of latent viral infections

A

Cold sores and shingles

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19
Q

Dse processes that occur over a long period and generally fatal

A

Persistent viral infections

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20
Q

Persistent viral infections are caused by what kind of viruses; these viruses accumulate overe a long period of time

A

Conventional viruses

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21
Q

Measle virus can be responsible for a rare form of encephalitis called what

A

Subacute sclerosing panecephalitis (SSPE)

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22
Q

May be regarded as exceptional complex aggregations of non living chemics or as exceptionally sinple living microbes

A

Viruses

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23
Q

Viruses contain a single type of _______ ______ (_______ or ______) and a ______ coat, sometimes enclosed in an envelope composed of _____,_____, and ______

A

Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
Protein
Lipids, protein, and carbohydrates

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24
Q

Viruses are _________ _______ _________; they muliply by using the host cell’s synthesizing machinery to cause the synthesis of specialized elements that can transfer viral nucleic acid to other cells

A

Obligatory intracellular parasites

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25
Q

The spectrum of host cells in which a virus can multiply

A

Host range

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26
Q

These aee viruses that infect invertebrates, vertebrates, plants, protists, fungi, and bacteria

A

Host range

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27
Q

Host range is determined by ______ _____ _____ on the host’s ______ _____ and the availability of _____ _______ _____

A

Specific attachment sites
Cell’s surface
Host cellular factors

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28
Q

Viral size is ascertained by what

A

Electron microscopy

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29
Q

Viruses range from what length

A

20-1000 nm

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30
Q

A viral structure that is complete, fully developed viral particle composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat oitside of a host cell

A

Virion

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31
Q

In viruses, nucleic acid may be ______ - or _____ - stranded, ______ or ______, or _____ into several separate molecules

A

Single- or double- stranded
Linear or circular
Divided

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32
Q

The range of the proportion of nucleic acid in relation to protein in viruses

A

1% - 50%

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33
Q

Protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus

A

Capsid

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34
Q

Subunits that composes a capsid, ehich can be single type of protein or several types

A

Capsomeres

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35
Q

Capsids are enclosed by what; it consists of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

A

Envelopes

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36
Q

Carbohydrates-protein complexes that covers envelopes

A

Spikes

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37
Q

Spikes are what kind of complex

A

Carbohydrates-protein complexes

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38
Q

Give a virus thatvis nonenveloped

A

Polyherdral (icosahedral) virus

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39
Q

Viruses that are hallow cylinders surrounding the nucleic acid

A

Helical viruses

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40
Q

Viruses that are many-sided

A

Polyhedral viruses

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41
Q

Example of an enveloped helical virus

A

Influenza virus A2

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42
Q

A helical virus, also called filovirus, showing helical rodlike shape

A

Ebola virus

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43
Q

Viruses that are coveredd with envelope and are roughly spheric but highly pleomorphic

A

Enveloped viruses

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44
Q

Enveloped viruses are highly ____

A

Pleomorphic

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45
Q

Viruses with complex structures

A

Complex viruses

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46
Q

An example fo complex viruses:
Many bacteriophages have ______ _____ with a _______ tail attached

A

Polyherdral capsid
Helical

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47
Q

Example of a complex virus (bacteriophage)

A

T-even bacteriophage

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48
Q

A virus that causes smallpox

A

Variola virus

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49
Q

Variola virus is a species in the genus ___________

A

Orthopoxvirus

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50
Q

What don’t viruses contain for energy production or protein synthesis

A

Enzymes

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51
Q

For a virus to multiply, it must ______ a host cell and direct the host’s ______ _________ to produce ______ ________ and components

A

Invade
Metabolic machinery
Viral enzymes

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52
Q

During this cycle, a phage causes the lysis and death of a host cell

A

Lytic cycle

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53
Q

Some viruses can eitrher cause _____ or have their ___ incorporated as a ________ into the ______ of the host cell. The latter situation is called ________

A

Lysis
DNA
Prophage
DNA
Lysogeny

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54
Q

In ________, phage lysozyme opens a portion of the bacterial cell wall, the tail sheath contracts to force the tail core through the cell wall, and phage DNA enterd bacterial cell. Capsid remains outside

A

Penetration

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55
Q

Capsid is also called as the what

A

Head

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56
Q

In penetration what opens a portion of the bacyerial cell wall

A

Phage lysozyme

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57
Q

In penetration, what contracts to force the tsil core through the cell wall

A

Tail sheath

58
Q

In penetration what eneterd the becterial cell

A

Phage DNA

59
Q

In penetration what remains outside

A

Capsid

60
Q

In _______, transcription of phage DNA produced mRNA coding for proteins necessary for phage multiplication. Phage DNA is replicated, and capsid proteins are produced

A

Biosynthesis

61
Q

In biosynthesis, what does the phages DNA undergoes to produce mRNA coding for proteins

A

Transcription

62
Q

In biosynthesis , transcription of phage DNA produces what?

A

mRNA coding

63
Q

In biosynthesis, what is necessary for phage multiplication

A

mRNA

64
Q

During this period, separate phage DNA and protien can be found

A

Eclipse period

65
Q

During _______, phage DNA and capsids are assembled into complete viruses

A

Maturation

66
Q

5 steps in multiplication of bacteriophages

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Biosynthesis
  4. Maturation
  5. Release
67
Q

A process in multiplication of bacteriophages where the ohage attaches to the host cell

A

Attachment

68
Q

A process in multiplication of bacteriophages where the phage penetrates host cell and inject its DNA

A

Penetration

69
Q

A process in multiplication of bacteriophages where the ohage DNA directs synthesis of viral components by the host cell

A

Biosynthesis

70
Q

A process in multiplication of bacteriophages where the viral components are assembled into virions

A

Maturation

71
Q

A process in multiplication of bacteriophages where host cell lyses, and new virions are released

A

Release

72
Q

Parts of a phage

A

Capsid (head)
DNA
Tail:
-Sheath
-Tail fiber
-Baseplate
-Pin

73
Q

During _____, phage lysozyme breaks down the bacterial cell wall, and the new phages are released

A

Release

74
Q

During release, what do phage lysozyme break down

A

Bacterial cell wall

75
Q

During this cycle, prophage genes are regulated by repressor coded for by the prophages. The prophage is replicated each time cell divides

A

Lysogenic cycle

76
Q

During lysogenic cycle, what regulates prophage genes

A

Repressor coded

77
Q

What happens to prophage during lysogenic cycle each time the cell divides

A

It replicates

78
Q

What causes lysogenic cells become immune to reinfection with the dame phage and may undergo phage conversion

A

Lysogeny

79
Q

Because of lysogeny, _______ cells become immune to _______ with the same phage and may undergo ______ ______

A

Lysogenic
Reinfection
Phage conversion

80
Q

In lysogenic cycle, after the phage attaches to host cell and inject DNA, and phage DNA circularizes and enterd lysogenic cycle, what happens then? (3 processes)

A
  1. Phage DNA integrates within the bacterial chromosome by recombination becoming a prophage
  2. Lysogenic bacterium reproduces normally (many cell division)
  3. Occasionally, the prophage may exise from the bacteri chromosomes chromosome by another recombination event initiating lytic cycle
81
Q

In lysogenic cycle, the phage DNA integrates within the bacterial chromosome by _____ and becoming ______

A

Recombination
Prophage

82
Q

A phage that can transfer bacterial genes from one cell to another through transduction

A

Lysogenic phage

83
Q

Throught this process, a lysogenic phage csn transfer bacterial genes from one cell to another

A

Transduction

84
Q

A kind of transduction where any genes can be transferred

A

Generalized transduction

85
Q

A kind of transduction where specific genes can be transferred

A

Specialized transduction

86
Q

Processes of a specialized transduction (6)

A
  1. Prophage exist in galactose-using host (containing gal gene
  2. Phage genome exercise carrying with it the adjacent gal gene frkm the host
  3. Phage matures and cell lyses, releasing phage carrying gal gene
  4. Phage infects a cell that cannot utilize galactose (lack gal gene)
  5. Along with the prophage, the bacterial gal gene becomes integrated into the new host’s DNA
  6. Lysogenic cell can now metabolize galactose
87
Q

Ina specialized transduction, prophage exist in what kind of host

A

Galactose-using host

88
Q

What do the galactose-using host contain

A

Gal genes

89
Q

True of false:

In specialized transduction, when a prophage is excised from its host chromosome, it caan take with it a bit of adjacent DNA from the bacterial chromosome

A

True

90
Q

In the multiplication of animal viruses, what part of the host cell does it attached to

A

Plasma membrane

91
Q

How does the entry of animal viruses occur

A

By receptor-mediated endocytosis or Fusion

92
Q

What fuses when the virus enter host cell during fussion

A

Viral envelope and cell membrane

93
Q

Animal viruses are uncoated by what kind of enzymes

A

Viral or host cell enzymes

94
Q

During animal virus multiplication, DNA of most DNA virus is released into the ____ of the host cell

A

nucleus

95
Q

During the multiplication of animal viruses, _______ of DNA and _______ produce viral DNA and, later capsid proteins

A

Transcription
Translation

96
Q

During the multiplication of animal viruses, what does translation produce

A

Viral DNA and, later, capsid proteins

97
Q

During the multiplication of animal viruses, these are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the host cell

A

Capsid proteins

98
Q

Where are capsid proteins synthesized

A

Cytoplasm of the host cell

99
Q

Where does the multiplication of RNA viruses occur

A

Cytoplasm of the host cell

100
Q

During the multiplication of animal RNA viruses, what synthesizes a double-stranded RNA

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

101
Q

What does the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase synthesize

A

Double-stranded RNA

102
Q

What happens after assembly in the multiplication of animal viruses

A

Virese are released

103
Q

Its one method of release (and envelope formation) during multiplication of animal viruses

A

Budding

104
Q

In nonenveloped viruses, viruses are released through ______ in the host cell membrane

A

Raptures

105
Q

Differentiate the difference between the attachment of bacteriophages and animaal viruses

A

Bacteriophages:
Tail fibers attach to cell wall proteins

Animal viruses:
Attachment sites are plasma membrane proteins and glycoproteins

106
Q

Differentiate the entry between the bacteriophages and animal viruses

A

Bacteriophages:
Viral DNA is injected into host cell

Animal viruses:
Capsid enters by receptor mediated endocytosis or fusion

107
Q

Differentiate the uncoating between bacteriophages and animal viruses

A

Bacteriophages:
Uncoating is not required

Animal viruses:
Enzymatic removal of capsid proteins

108
Q

Where does biosynthesis occur in bacteriophages and animal virusesa

A

Bacteriophages:
Cytoplasm

Animal viruses:
Nucleus (DNA viruses) or Cytoplasm (RNA viruses)

109
Q

Differentiate thew chronic infection between bacteriophages and animal viruses

A

Bacteriophages:
Lysogeny

Animal viruses:
Latency; slow viral infections; cancer

110
Q

What happens during the release in bacteriophages and in animal viruses

A

Bacteriophages:
Host cell is lysed

Animal viruses:
Enveloped viruses bud out; non enveloped viruses rupture plasma membrane

111
Q

When was the earliest relationship between cancer and viruses demonstrated

A

Early 1900s

112
Q

Cancer and viruses relationship was demonstrated when ______ _______ and _______ ________ where transfered to healthy animals by ___________ ______

A

Chicken leukemia
Chicken sarcoma
Cell-free filtrates

113
Q

In the transformation of normal celld into tunor cells, when oncogenes are activated, it transforms _____ cells into ______ cells

A

Normal cells
Cancerous cells

114
Q

When activated, it transforms nirmal crlls into cancerous cells

A

Oncogenes

115
Q

Viruses trhat are capable of producing tumors

A

Oncogenic viruses

116
Q

What kind if viruses are oncogenic

A

Some DNA viruses and retroviruses

117
Q

What part of the oncogenic viruses becomes integrated into the host cell’s DNA

A

Genetic material

118
Q

During rhe transformation of normal cells into tumor cells, transformed cells contain ________________ ______ (___), exhibit _______ _______, and can produce _______ when injected into _______ animals

A

Virus-specific antigens
(TSTA)
Chromosome abnormalities
Tumors
Susceptible

119
Q

Where are DNA Oncogenic viruses found (5)

A
  1. Adenoviridae
  2. Herpesviridae
  3. Poxviridae
  4. Papovaviridae
  5. Hepadnaviridae
120
Q

What kind if oncogenic virus has the ability to produce tuinors that are related tk the presence of reverse transcriptase

A

RNA oncogenic viruses

121
Q

RNA oncogenic virsues has the ability to produce _____ is related to the presence of _____ __________

A

Tumors
Reverse transcriptase

122
Q

RNA oncogenic virsues:
The _____ synthesized from the ____ _____ becomes incorporated as _______ into the host cell’s DNA

A

DNA
viral RNA
Provirus

123
Q

Viruses that enter plant hosts throught wounds or with invasivr parasitrs, such as insects; some also multiply in insect (vector) cells

A

Plant viruses

124
Q

How do plant viruses enter a plant host

A

Though wounds or invasive parasites (s.a. insects)

125
Q

How does a plant viruse multiply with the usaew of insects

A

Through insect (vector) cells

126
Q

Infectious pieces of RNA that causes some plant dse

A

Viroids

127
Q

Viroids enclosed in a protein coat

A

Virusoids

128
Q

Are infectious proteins first discovered in 1980s

A

Prions

129
Q

When were prions first discovered

A

1980s

130
Q

Prion dse involves the degeneration of _____ ______

A

Brain tissue

131
Q

Prion dse involve the ______ of brain tissue

A

Degeneration

132
Q

A dse that result from an altered protein

A

Prion dses

133
Q

What causes prion dse (2)

A

Mutatiom in the normal gene for PrPc (cellular prion protein)
Or
Contact with an altered protein (PrP^Sc for scrapie protein)

134
Q

What is PrP^c

A

Cellular prion protein

135
Q

What is the altered protein for scrapie protein

A

PrP^Sc

136
Q

Prions include __ animal neurological dses called _______ ________ ________ bcs. large _____ develope in the brain

A

9
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
Vacuoles

137
Q

Prions that are human dses (4

A

Kuru
Creutzfeldt-Jakob dse (CJD)
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome
Fatal familia insomnia

138
Q

What kind of prion protein enters a cell and chanhes a normal prion protein PrPc to PrPSc

A

Abnormal prior protein (PrPSc)

139
Q

What does a PrPSc changes PrPc into?

A

PrPSc

140
Q

How is the accumulation of PrPSc in the cell and on thr crll surface

A
  1. Abnormal prior protein (PrPSc) enterd cell
  2. It chanhes normal prion protein (PrPc) intro PrPSc
  3. PrPSc changed another normal PrPc
  4. Resulting in an accumulation of the abnormal PrPSc in the cell and on the cell surface

MICRO PARA CHAPTER 2 (8 decks)

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