Lesson 2: Eukaryotic Flashcards
1
Q
2 types of cells
A
- Prokaryotes
- Eukaryotes
2
Q
Type of cell where the genetic material is free in the cytoplasm
A
Prokaryotes
3
Q
Type of cell with ko organelles
A
Prokaryotes
4
Q
Type of cell that is only unicellular
A
Prokaryotes
5
Q
Examples of a prokaryotes that is unicellular
A
Archaeans and bacteria
6
Q
Type of cell thatvthe genetic material is contained in the cell nucleus
A
Eukaryotes
7
Q
Type of cell that contains many organelles
A
Eukaryotes
8
Q
Cell that can be both unicellular or multicellular
A
Eukaryotes
9
Q
Examples of eukaryotes
A
Protists, fungi, plants, animals
10
Q
Structure thatvis sufficiently flexible allowing certain cells to eg. Change shape
A
Cell membrane
11
Q
Other name of cell membrane
A
Plasma membrane
12
Q
Historically, what is the other name of a cell membrane
A
Plasmalemma
13
Q
Functions of a cell membrane (2)
A
- Separates the cell’s contents from the external environment and form its bounderies
- A semipermeable membrane controlling the flow of metabolites to and from the protoplasm
14
Q
Largest part of the cell
A
Cytoplasm
15
Q
Fluid that fills the inside of cells and which contain cell organelles
A
Cytosol
16
Q
% of water in a cytoplasm
A
70-80%
17
Q
Where chemical reactions of cell metabolism take place
A
Cytoplasm
18
Q
Large DNA molecule which contain genetic information and which regulate the functioning of the cell
A
Genetic material
19
Q
Two main regions of a eukaryotic cell
A
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
20
Q
The cytoplasm and nucleus of a cell
A
Protoplasm
21
Q
Found in protists (except protozoa) and plants containinh cellulose, and fungi containinf chitin
A
Cell wall
22
Q
Cell wall is found in protists (except protozoa) and plants containing _______, and fungi containing ________
A
Cellulose
Chitin
23
Q
Organelles are also called as what?
A
Little organs
24
Q
What are the 6 membrane-bound organelles
A
- Endoplasmic reticula
- Golgi apparatus/ Golgi bodies/ Golgi complex
- Mitochondria
- Plastids
- Vacuoles
- Vesicles
25
A single membrane-bound forming a network of canals over which protein and other molecules are transported
Endoplasmic reticula
26
Made of a set of flattened interlinked tubes which adhere to the nuclear membrane
Endoplasmic reticula
27
2 kinds of endoplasmic reticula
Rough endoplasmic reticula
Smooth endoplasmic reticula
28
Endoplasmic reticula with ribosomes attached
Rough endoplasmic reticula
29
Endoplasmic reticula that has a function to store and transport proteins that would be synthesized
Rough endoplasmic reticula
30
Endoplasmic reticula without ribosomes attached
Smooth endoplasmic reticula
31
Endoplasmic reticula that has a function to build, store, and transport lipids that would be synthesized
Smooth endoplasmic reticula
32
A single membrane-bound organelle that is made up of one or kore sets (or stacks) of flat cavities (dictyosomes) located very close to the endoplasmic reticulum which emit and receive small vesicles
Golgi apparatus/ golgi bodies/ golgi complex
33
Flat cavities of a golgi apparatus
Dictyosomes
34
Modifies, sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins; it received substances that come from the endoplasmic reticula and pack them into vesicles for use in the cell or secretion out of the cell
Golgi apparatus
35
Function of a golgi apparatus
Modifies sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins
36
Process by which the secretory vesicles goes to the cell wall then goes out of the cell
Exocytosis
37
What do secretory vesicles turn into?
Lysozomes
38
The powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
39
A small, double-membraned, spherical, or sausage-shaped organelles
Mitochondria
40
What DNA is inherited from the mother?
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
41
Its function is for cellular respiration to produce energy
Mitochondria
42
What process is happening in the mitochondria to produce energy?
Cellular respiration
43
What kind of energy is produced by the mitochondria
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
44
In order to utilize the energy of ATP, what does it turn into?
Adenosine diphosphate or Adenosine monophosphate (ADP or AMP)
45
2 main oarts of a mitochondria
Cristae
Matrix
46
A part of the mitochondria that is a fold giving the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, its characteristic is wrinkled shape, providing a large amount of surface are for chemical reactions to occur
Cristae
47
What is the purpose of having wrinkled shape of a cristae
To provide a large amount of surface area for chemical reactions to occur
48
What DNA is contributed by the father?
Nuclear DNA (nDNA)
49
Part of the mitochondria that is the region of inner membrane between cristae
Matrix
50
What type of bacteria did the mitochondria evolve from?
Alphaproteobacteria
51
An organelle that is double-membraned found in algae and plants
Plastids
52
What are the 3 kinds of plastids?
1. Chloroplast
2. Chromoplast
3. Leucoplast
53
A plastid that contain green pigments (chlorophyll) essential in photosynthesis
Chloroplast
54
It is a green pigment that is essential for photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
55
A plastid that contain red, yellow, or orange pigments (carotenoids)
Chromoplast
56
Other term for orange pigments
Carotenoids
57
Plastod that contain colorless pigments
Leucoplast
58
A plastid that is a food storehouse
Leucoplast
59
What do leucoplast store?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
60
Organelle that is also called as "empty space"
Vacuoles
61
An organelle that is single membrane-bound without basic shape and size or that the structure may vary according to the requirements of the cell
Vacuoles
62
Vacuoles found in plants that stores water
Central vacuoles
63
Its function and significance vary greatly according to the type of cell having much greater prominence in the cells of plants, fungi, and certain protists than those of animals and bacteria
Vacuoles
64
This organelle's function is to store food and other nutrients required by cell to survive
Vacuoles
65
This organelle's function is to store waste products and prevent the entire cell from contamination
Vacuoles
66
Organelles that are tiny sacs that transport material within or outside the cell
Vesicles
67
5 kinds of vesicles
Transport vehicle
Secretory vesicle
Peroxisome
Lysozome
Extracellular vesicles
68
A vesicle that help move materials; such as proteins and other molecules l, from one part fo the cell to another
Transport vesicle
69
Vesicle that move molecules outside of the cell, through exocytosis
Secretory vesicle
70
What do secretory vesicles in the stomach translort to help breakdown of food?
Protein-digesting enzymes
71
What is an example of a secretory vesicle?
Synaptic vesicles
72
A secretory vesicle that is present at the end a nerve cell transmit signal by secreting neurotransmitters thay activate receptors in the next cell along.
Synaptic vesicles
73
Vesicle that vary in shape and size, depending in the needs of the cell they serve; increase in number and size if for example they have a lot of alcohol to break down
Peroxisome
74
Peroxisome oxidizes and break down what?
Amino acids and fatty acids
75
A vesicle that has a function to detoxify poison
Peroxisome
76
What do peroxisome contain that break down 2H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) into 2H2O and O2
Catalase
77
What do peroxisomes break down and what do they turn into?
2H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide) that turns into 2H2O and O2
78
Vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes active at a much lower pH ehich are used for the controlled intracellular digestion of macromolecules
Lysozome
79
What do lysozome contain?
Hydrolytic enzymes
80
How is the hydrolytic enzyme used by the lysozome?
For controlled intracellular digestion of macromolecules
81
What do Lysozome breakdown?
Macromolecules and pathogens (bacteria, viruses)
82
A vesicle that recycles worn-out organelles
Lysozome
83
Vesicle that float outthe cell important in intracellular communication
Extracellular vesicles
84
What are extracellular vesicles important in?
Intracellular communication
85
What are the 4 nonmembranous organelles
1. Ribosomes
2. Centrosome
3. Cytoskeleton
4. Locomotory organelles
86
Organelles with two subunits without membranes to divide them
Ribosomes
87
What are the 2 subunits of ribosomes
Small (40s) and large (60s) ribosomal subunit
88
Type of robosome that moves freely within the cytoplasm
Free ribosomes
89
Type of robosomes that afhere to the rough exterior of endoplasmic reticula
Fixed ribosomes
90
An organelle that is a spatial region
Centrosome
91
Organelle that is rhe organizing center of microtubules in animal cells, comprises two microtubule rings known as centrioles
Centrosome
92
Two microtubule rings
Centrioles
93
Organelle that regulates cell motility, adhesion, and polarity in interphase
Centersome
94
Organelle that facilitates the organization of the spindle poles during mitosis
Centersome
95
Pared and composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring
Centrioles
96
Organelle that gibe cell its shape
Cytoskeleton
97
Organelle that is the network of protein fibers and filaments distributed throughout the cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
98
3 parts of the cytoskeleton
Intermediate filament, microfilament (or actin filaments), microtubules
99
Organelles that are protuberance or evaginations of the cytoskeleton, covered with plasma membrane
Locomotory organelles
100
2 kinds of locomotory organelles
1. Cilia
2. Flagellum
101
A locomotory organelle that is short and numerous
Cilia
102
Its function is for the movement of particles along extracellular surface of plasma membrane and for filtration
Cilia
103
Only known cilia that affects humans
Balantidium coli
104
Locomotory organelle that is long and single
Flagellum
105
A circular, dark-stained part of the protoplasm
Nucleus
106
5 parts of the nucleus
1. Nuclear envelope
2. Nuclear pores
3. Nucleoplasm (karyoplasm, karyolymph, nuclear sap)
4. Chromatins
5. Chromosomes
107
Its function is to control the activities of the cell - protein synthesis, gene action, cell division, and metabolic rate
Nucleus
108
What activities does the nucleus control?
Protein synthesis, gene action, cell division, and metabolic rate
109
Part of the nucleus that is a double-membrane structure that constitutes the nucleus' outermost portion
Nuclear envelope
110
What is the inner and outer membrane of nuclear envelope?
Phospholipid bilayer
111
Part of the nucleus that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
112
It maintain the nucleus as a distinct biochemical compartment
Nuclear envelope
113
Probides the structural framework of the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
114
Part of the nucleus that are small channels that span the nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
115
It controls teh passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm
Nuclear pores
116
It is the semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus, where we find the chromatin and the nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
117
Uncoiled chromosomes consisting of DNA and protein molecules (histones)
Chromatins
118
The material responsible for tje dark appearance of the nucleus in a stained specimen
Chromatins
119
What do chromatins turn into during cell division
Chromosomes
120
Protein molecules in chromatin
Histones
121
What do non-histone proteins turn into?
Chromosomes
122
Highly coiled chromatins during cell division
Chromosomes
123
A dark-stained region inside the nucleus that does not have a limiting membrane
Nucleoli
124
It is an accumulation of large amounts of RNA and proteins of the types found in ribosomes
Nucleoli
125
What do nucleoli produce that is transported out through the nuclear pores for the creation of ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA molecules
126
The creation of robosomes
Ribosome biogenesis
