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MICRO PARA CHAPTER 2 > Lesson 2: Eukaryotic > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Eukaryotic Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of cells

A
  1. Prokaryotes
  2. Eukaryotes
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2
Q

Type of cell where the genetic material is free in the cytoplasm

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

Type of cell with ko organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

Type of cell that is only unicellular

A

Prokaryotes

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5
Q

Examples of a prokaryotes that is unicellular

A

Archaeans and bacteria

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6
Q

Type of cell thatvthe genetic material is contained in the cell nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

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7
Q

Type of cell that contains many organelles

A

Eukaryotes

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8
Q

Cell that can be both unicellular or multicellular

A

Eukaryotes

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9
Q

Examples of eukaryotes

A

Protists, fungi, plants, animals

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10
Q

Structure thatvis sufficiently flexible allowing certain cells to eg. Change shape

A

Cell membrane

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11
Q

Other name of cell membrane

A

Plasma membrane

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12
Q

Historically, what is the other name of a cell membrane

A

Plasmalemma

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13
Q

Functions of a cell membrane (2)

A
  1. Separates the cell’s contents from the external environment and form its bounderies
  2. A semipermeable membrane controlling the flow of metabolites to and from the protoplasm
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14
Q

Largest part of the cell

A

Cytoplasm

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15
Q

Fluid that fills the inside of cells and which contain cell organelles

A

Cytosol

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16
Q

% of water in a cytoplasm

A

70-80%

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17
Q

Where chemical reactions of cell metabolism take place

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

Large DNA molecule which contain genetic information and which regulate the functioning of the cell

A

Genetic material

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19
Q

Two main regions of a eukaryotic cell

A
  1. Cytoplasm
  2. Nucleus
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20
Q

The cytoplasm and nucleus of a cell

A

Protoplasm

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21
Q

Found in protists (except protozoa) and plants containinh cellulose, and fungi containinf chitin

A

Cell wall

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22
Q

Cell wall is found in protists (except protozoa) and plants containing _______, and fungi containing ________

A

Cellulose
Chitin

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23
Q

Organelles are also called as what?

A

Little organs

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24
Q

What are the 6 membrane-bound organelles

A
  1. Endoplasmic reticula
  2. Golgi apparatus/ Golgi bodies/ Golgi complex
  3. Mitochondria
  4. Plastids
  5. Vacuoles
  6. Vesicles
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25
Q

A single membrane-bound forming a network of canals over which protein and other molecules are transported

A

Endoplasmic reticula

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26
Q

Made of a set of flattened interlinked tubes which adhere to the nuclear membrane

A

Endoplasmic reticula

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27
Q

2 kinds of endoplasmic reticula

A

Rough endoplasmic reticula
Smooth endoplasmic reticula

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28
Q

Endoplasmic reticula with ribosomes attached

A

Rough endoplasmic reticula

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29
Q

Endoplasmic reticula that has a function to store and transport proteins that would be synthesized

A

Rough endoplasmic reticula

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30
Q

Endoplasmic reticula without ribosomes attached

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticula

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31
Q

Endoplasmic reticula that has a function to build, store, and transport lipids that would be synthesized

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticula

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32
Q

A single membrane-bound organelle that is made up of one or kore sets (or stacks) of flat cavities (dictyosomes) located very close to the endoplasmic reticulum which emit and receive small vesicles

A

Golgi apparatus/ golgi bodies/ golgi complex

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33
Q

Flat cavities of a golgi apparatus

A

Dictyosomes

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34
Q

Modifies, sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins; it received substances that come from the endoplasmic reticula and pack them into vesicles for use in the cell or secretion out of the cell

A

Golgi apparatus

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35
Q

Function of a golgi apparatus

A

Modifies sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins

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36
Q

Process by which the secretory vesicles goes to the cell wall then goes out of the cell

A

Exocytosis

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37
Q

What do secretory vesicles turn into?

A

Lysozomes

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38
Q

The powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

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39
Q

A small, double-membraned, spherical, or sausage-shaped organelles

A

Mitochondria

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40
Q

What DNA is inherited from the mother?

A

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

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41
Q

Its function is for cellular respiration to produce energy

A

Mitochondria

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42
Q

What process is happening in the mitochondria to produce energy?

A

Cellular respiration

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43
Q

What kind of energy is produced by the mitochondria

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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44
Q

In order to utilize the energy of ATP, what does it turn into?

A

Adenosine diphosphate or Adenosine monophosphate (ADP or AMP)

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45
Q

2 main oarts of a mitochondria

A

Cristae
Matrix

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46
Q

A part of the mitochondria that is a fold giving the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, its characteristic is wrinkled shape, providing a large amount of surface are for chemical reactions to occur

A

Cristae

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47
Q

What is the purpose of having wrinkled shape of a cristae

A

To provide a large amount of surface area for chemical reactions to occur

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48
Q

What DNA is contributed by the father?

A

Nuclear DNA (nDNA)

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49
Q

Part of the mitochondria that is the region of inner membrane between cristae

A

Matrix

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50
Q

What type of bacteria did the mitochondria evolve from?

A

Alphaproteobacteria

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51
Q

An organelle that is double-membraned found in algae and plants

A

Plastids

52
Q

What are the 3 kinds of plastids?

A
  1. Chloroplast
  2. Chromoplast
  3. Leucoplast
53
Q

A plastid that contain green pigments (chlorophyll) essential in photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

54
Q

It is a green pigment that is essential for photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll

55
Q

A plastid that contain red, yellow, or orange pigments (carotenoids)

A

Chromoplast

56
Q

Other term for orange pigments

A

Carotenoids

57
Q

Plastod that contain colorless pigments

A

Leucoplast

58
Q

A plastid that is a food storehouse

A

Leucoplast

59
Q

What do leucoplast store?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

60
Q

Organelle that is also called as “empty space”

A

Vacuoles

61
Q

An organelle that is single membrane-bound without basic shape and size or that the structure may vary according to the requirements of the cell

A

Vacuoles

62
Q

Vacuoles found in plants that stores water

A

Central vacuoles

63
Q

Its function and significance vary greatly according to the type of cell having much greater prominence in the cells of plants, fungi, and certain protists than those of animals and bacteria

A

Vacuoles

64
Q

This organelle’s function is to store food and other nutrients required by cell to survive

A

Vacuoles

65
Q

This organelle’s function is to store waste products and prevent the entire cell from contamination

A

Vacuoles

66
Q

Organelles that are tiny sacs that transport material within or outside the cell

A

Vesicles

67
Q

5 kinds of vesicles

A

Transport vehicle
Secretory vesicle
Peroxisome
Lysozome
Extracellular vesicles

68
Q

A vesicle that help move materials; such as proteins and other molecules l, from one part fo the cell to another

A

Transport vesicle

69
Q

Vesicle that move molecules outside of the cell, through exocytosis

A

Secretory vesicle

70
Q

What do secretory vesicles in the stomach translort to help breakdown of food?

A

Protein-digesting enzymes

71
Q

What is an example of a secretory vesicle?

A

Synaptic vesicles

72
Q

A secretory vesicle that is present at the end a nerve cell transmit signal by secreting neurotransmitters thay activate receptors in the next cell along.

A

Synaptic vesicles

73
Q

Vesicle that vary in shape and size, depending in the needs of the cell they serve; increase in number and size if for example they have a lot of alcohol to break down

A

Peroxisome

74
Q

Peroxisome oxidizes and break down what?

A

Amino acids and fatty acids

75
Q

A vesicle that has a function to detoxify poison

A

Peroxisome

76
Q

What do peroxisome contain that break down 2H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) into 2H2O and O2

A

Catalase

77
Q

What do peroxisomes break down and what do they turn into?

A

2H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide) that turns into 2H2O and O2

78
Q

Vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes active at a much lower pH ehich are used for the controlled intracellular digestion of macromolecules

A

Lysozome

79
Q

What do lysozome contain?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

80
Q

How is the hydrolytic enzyme used by the lysozome?

A

For controlled intracellular digestion of macromolecules

81
Q

What do Lysozome breakdown?

A

Macromolecules and pathogens (bacteria, viruses)

82
Q

A vesicle that recycles worn-out organelles

A

Lysozome

83
Q

Vesicle that float outthe cell important in intracellular communication

A

Extracellular vesicles

84
Q

What are extracellular vesicles important in?

A

Intracellular communication

85
Q

What are the 4 nonmembranous organelles

A
  1. Ribosomes
  2. Centrosome
  3. Cytoskeleton
  4. Locomotory organelles
86
Q

Organelles with two subunits without membranes to divide them

A

Ribosomes

87
Q

What are the 2 subunits of ribosomes

A

Small (40s) and large (60s) ribosomal subunit

88
Q

Type of robosome that moves freely within the cytoplasm

A

Free ribosomes

89
Q

Type of robosomes that afhere to the rough exterior of endoplasmic reticula

A

Fixed ribosomes

90
Q

An organelle that is a spatial region

A

Centrosome

91
Q

Organelle that is rhe organizing center of microtubules in animal cells, comprises two microtubule rings known as centrioles

A

Centrosome

92
Q

Two microtubule rings

A

Centrioles

93
Q

Organelle that regulates cell motility, adhesion, and polarity in interphase

A

Centersome

94
Q

Organelle that facilitates the organization of the spindle poles during mitosis

A

Centersome

95
Q

Pared and composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring

A

Centrioles

96
Q

Organelle that gibe cell its shape

A

Cytoskeleton

97
Q

Organelle that is the network of protein fibers and filaments distributed throughout the cytoplasm

A

Cytoskeleton

98
Q

3 parts of the cytoskeleton

A

Intermediate filament, microfilament (or actin filaments), microtubules

99
Q

Organelles that are protuberance or evaginations of the cytoskeleton, covered with plasma membrane

A

Locomotory organelles

100
Q

2 kinds of locomotory organelles

A
  1. Cilia
  2. Flagellum
101
Q

A locomotory organelle that is short and numerous

A

Cilia

102
Q

Its function is for the movement of particles along extracellular surface of plasma membrane and for filtration

A

Cilia

103
Q

Only known cilia that affects humans

A

Balantidium coli

104
Q

Locomotory organelle that is long and single

A

Flagellum

105
Q

A circular, dark-stained part of the protoplasm

A

Nucleus

106
Q

5 parts of the nucleus

A
  1. Nuclear envelope
  2. Nuclear pores
  3. Nucleoplasm (karyoplasm, karyolymph, nuclear sap)
  4. Chromatins
  5. Chromosomes
107
Q

Its function is to control the activities of the cell - protein synthesis, gene action, cell division, and metabolic rate

A

Nucleus

108
Q

What activities does the nucleus control?

A

Protein synthesis, gene action, cell division, and metabolic rate

109
Q

Part of the nucleus that is a double-membrane structure that constitutes the nucleus’ outermost portion

A

Nuclear envelope

110
Q

What is the inner and outer membrane of nuclear envelope?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

111
Q

Part of the nucleus that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope

112
Q

It maintain the nucleus as a distinct biochemical compartment

A

Nuclear envelope

113
Q

Probides the structural framework of the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

114
Q

Part of the nucleus that are small channels that span the nuclear envelope

A

Nuclear pores

115
Q

It controls teh passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear pores

116
Q

It is the semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus, where we find the chromatin and the nucleolus

A

Nucleoplasm

117
Q

Uncoiled chromosomes consisting of DNA and protein molecules (histones)

A

Chromatins

118
Q

The material responsible for tje dark appearance of the nucleus in a stained specimen

A

Chromatins

119
Q

What do chromatins turn into during cell division

A

Chromosomes

120
Q

Protein molecules in chromatin

A

Histones

121
Q

What do non-histone proteins turn into?

A

Chromosomes

122
Q

Highly coiled chromatins during cell division

A

Chromosomes

123
Q

A dark-stained region inside the nucleus that does not have a limiting membrane

A

Nucleoli

124
Q

It is an accumulation of large amounts of RNA and proteins of the types found in ribosomes

A

Nucleoli

125
Q

What do nucleoli produce that is transported out through the nuclear pores for the creation of ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA molecules

126
Q

The creation of robosomes

A

Ribosome biogenesis

MICRO PARA CHAPTER 2 (8 decks)

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