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MICRO PARA CHAPTER 2 > Lesson 1: Prokaryotic > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Prokaryotic Flashcards

1
Q

This science provides a consistent means to classify, name (nomenclature), and identify organisms

A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

Organizing microorganisms into groups or taxa based on similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits.

A

Taxonomy

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3
Q

Hierarchical system of classification (in order)

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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4
Q

Binomial nomenclature by?

A

Carl Linnaeus

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5
Q

System used to name species

A

Binomial nomenclature

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6
Q

Name species

A

Scientific name

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7
Q

Each species is given a name rhat consists of what 2 parts

A
  1. Genus name
  2. Species Name
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8
Q

Generic name

A

Genus name

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9
Q

Genus name always begin with what?

A

Capital letter

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10
Q

Specific name

A

Species name

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11
Q

Species name always begin with what?

A

Small letter

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12
Q

Scientific name must be ______ or in ______ when qritten or typed

A

Underlined or in Italics

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13
Q

What domain do Humans belong?

A

Eukarya

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14
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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15
Q

What domain are we closer with?

A

Archaea

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16
Q

Tree that shows branches of the 3 Domains

A

Phylogenetic Tree of Life

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17
Q

Main types of cells

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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18
Q

Are diverse single-celled organisms-prokaryotes

A

Bacteria

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19
Q

Bacteria are sometimes referred to as?

A

Eubacteria

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20
Q

What does Eubacteria mean?

A

“true bacteria”

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21
Q

Average diameter of spherical bacteria

A

0.5-2.0μm

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22
Q

Length and diameter of rod-shaped or filamentous bacteria

A

L: 1-10μm
Dm: 0.25-1.0μm

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23
Q

General Length and diameter of bacteria of medical importance

A

L: 3-5μm
Dm: 0.2-1.5μm

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24
Q

World’s largest bacteria

A

Thiomargarita namibiensis

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25
Q

Classification of bacteria based on shape and arrangement

A

Spherical (cocci)
Rod-shaped (bacilli)
Spiral-shaped

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26
Q

Arrangements of cocci

A

Coccus , Diplococci, Tetrad, Sarcina, Staphylococci, Streptococci

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27
Q

Arrangements of Bacilli

A

Bacillus, Diplobacilli, streptobacilli, pallisades, coccobacilli

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28
Q

Arrangements of spiral

A

Spirochetes, Spirilla (helical-shaped/Corkscrew form), Vibrio

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29
Q

Arrangement of Cocci that has a single cell

A

Coccus

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30
Q

Cocci in pairs; spherical, flattened, elongated, or bean-shaped

A

Diplococci

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31
Q

Cocci in group of 4 cells; cells divide into two planes

A

Tetrad

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32
Q

In tetrad, how many planes does cells divide into?

A

Two

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33
Q

Cocci grouped of 8 cells; cells divide in perpendicular plane; strict anaerobe

A

Sarcina

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34
Q

In sarcina, cells divide in a ________ plane

A

Perpendicular

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35
Q

Cocci with long chains; immotile and gram-positive

A

Streptococci

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36
Q

Streptococci is present in family _____

A

Streptococcaceae

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37
Q

Cocci thatvis grape-like clusters; cells divides in both the planes; immotile and gram-positive

A

Staphylococci

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38
Q

Single cells; form endospores; facultative anaerobes

A

Bacillus

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39
Q

What do Bacillus form?

A

Endospores

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40
Q

Examples of Bacillus (2)

A
  1. Salmonella enterica subsp.
  2. Bacillus cereus
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41
Q

Bacilli in pairs; after cell division, the teo cells do not divide and grow in an attached arrangement

A

Diplobacilli

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42
Q

Bacilli in chains; cell divides in single chain

A

Streptobacilli

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43
Q

Examples of Diplococci (2)

A

1.Moraxella catarrhalis
2. Neisseria gonorrhea

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44
Q

Example of Tetrad

A

Tetragenococcus muriaticus

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45
Q

Examples of Sarcina (2)

A
  1. Sarcina aurantiaca
  2. Sarcina lutea
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46
Q

Example of streptococci

A

Streptococcus mutans

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47
Q

Examples of Staphylococci (2)

A

1.Staphylococcy epidermidis
2. Staphylococcus haemolyticus

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48
Q

Example of streptobacilli

A

Streptobacillus moniliformis

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49
Q

Resemble both cocci as well as bacilli; shorter in size and thus, appear stumpy

A

Coccobacilli

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50
Q

What do coccobacilli appear?

A

Stumpy

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51
Q

Examples of Coccobacilli

A
  1. Haemophilus influenza
  2. Chlamydia trachomatis
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52
Q

Resemble a picket fence structure as a result of the bent at the point of division during cell division

A

Pallisades

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53
Q

Why do pallisades resemble a picket fence structure?

A

Result of the bent at the point of division during cell division

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54
Q

Example of pallisades

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria

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55
Q

Spiral slightly curved resembling a comma

A

Vibrio

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56
Q

Examples of Vibrio (2)

A
  1. Vibrio parahaemolyticus
  2. Vibrio cholerae
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57
Q

Spiral bacteria having helical shape

A

Spirochetes

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58
Q

Flexible and have an axial filament which helps in motility

A

Spirochetes

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59
Q

Why are the filaments of spirochetes essential?

A

Distinguishes character between spirochetes and other bacteria

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60
Q

Examples of spirochetes (3)

A
  1. Leptospira interrogans
  2. Treponema pallidum
  3. Borrelia recurrentis
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61
Q

Helical-shaped, corkscrew form

A

Spirilla

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62
Q

Similar in structure with spirochetes bute are more rigid

A

Spirilla

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63
Q

Spirilla also have a flagellum but lack _______ like in spirochetes

A

Endoflagella

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64
Q

Example of spirilla

A
  1. Spirillum minus
  2. Campylobacter jejuni
  3. Helicobacter pylori
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65
Q

Bacetria classification based on straining patterns

A
  1. Gram-negative bacteria
  2. Gram-positive bacteria
  3. Atypical
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66
Q

Has thin peptidoglycan cell walls; light red of pink

A

Gram-negative bacteria

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67
Q

Gram-negative bacteria has thin ________ cell walls

A

Peptidoglycan

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68
Q

Has thick peptidoglycan cell walls;purple

A

Gram-positive bacteria

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69
Q

Bacteria that cannot be strained by the standard Gran stain procedure

A

Atypical

70
Q

Species that have an atypical straining pattern

A

Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Rickettsia

71
Q

Developed by Hans Christian Gram

A

Gram straining

72
Q

Categorizes bacteria according to their Gram character - Gram-positive or Gram-negative

A

Gram straining

73
Q

2 categories of bacyeria according to their Gram character

A

Gram-positive and Gram-negative

74
Q

Gram straining allows also the determination of _____,______, and ______

A

Cell morphology, size, and arrangement

75
Q

Gram straining procedures

A
  1. Crystal violet
  2. Gram’s iodine
  3. 95% Ethanol or 1:1 acetone with ethanol
  4. Safranin
76
Q

It is the primary stain used in gram straining procedure

A

Crystal violet

77
Q

Mordant or dye fixative in gram straining

A

Gram’s iodine

78
Q

Decolorizer in gram straining procedure

A

95% ethanol or 1:1 acetone with ethanol

79
Q

Counterstain in gram straining procedure

A

Safranin

80
Q

The structure of the ______ determines whether the organism is Gram-positive or negative.

A

Cell wall

81
Q

When stained with a primary stain (________) and fixed by a mordant (_______) some bacteria are able to retain the primary stain by resisting ________ while others get decolorized by a _________.

A

Crystal violet, Gram’s Iodine, decolorization, decolorizer

82
Q

Bacteria which retain the primary stain

A

Gram-positive

83
Q

Bacteria which gets decolorized and then get counterstained

A

Gram-negative

84
Q

Gram negative results

A

Pale to dark red

85
Q

Examples of a Gram negative (4)

A

1.:Escherichia
2. Helicobacter
3. Haemophilus
4. Neisseria

86
Q

Result of Gram positive

A

Dark purple

87
Q

Examples of Gram positive (4)

A

Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces, Streptococcus

88
Q

Structure: outer layer enclosing the cytoplasm that consists of cell wall and cytoplasmic or plasma membrane

A

Cell envelope

89
Q

The cell envelope consists of what?

A

a. Cell wall
b. Cytoplasmic or plasma membrane

90
Q

Structure: beneath the external structures

A

Cell wall

91
Q

Structure: its main function is to prevent the cell from expanding and eventually bursting due to water uptake

A

Cell wall

92
Q

Structure that Is essential for bacterial growth and division

A

Cell wall

93
Q

Cell wall encloses the ______

A

Protoplasm

94
Q

Structure that is present immediately beneath the cell wall

A

Cytoplasmic or plasma membrane

95
Q

Structure: thin layer lining the inner surface of cell wall and separating it from cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasmic or plasma membrane

96
Q

Cytoplasmic or plasma membrane acts as a _______ membrane controlling the flow of metabolites to and from the protoplasm

A

Semipermeable

97
Q

2 major parts of the external structures

A
  1. Glycocalyx
  2. Filamentous appendages
98
Q

Structure that means “sugar coat”

A

Glycocalyx

99
Q

___________ - sweet
___________ - husk

A

Glykys- sweet
Kalyx - husk

100
Q

Structure: thick outer covering of the plasma membrane

A

Glycocalyx

101
Q

Structure: Virulence-related polysaccharide exocellular slime

A

Glycocalyx

102
Q

Glycocalyx biofilm resists ____________ _________ and provides a degree of protection from antibodies and macrophages

A

Antibiotic penetration

103
Q

Structure that consists of firmly associated polysaccharide molecules with the cell wall

A

Capsule

104
Q

Structure that is thicker than slime layer

A

Capsule

105
Q

Capsule acts as a ______ factor that helps evade __________

A

Virulence
Phagocytosis

106
Q

Structure that consists of loosely associated glycoprotein and molecules

A

Slime layer

107
Q

It is a thin glycocalyx layer

A

Slime layer

108
Q

Mainly aids in the adherence; also protects the cell from dehydration and nutrient loss

A

Slime layer

109
Q

Slime layer mainly aids in the __________; also protects the cell from _________ and __________ ________

A

Adherence, dehydration, nutrient loss

110
Q

Structure that is for motility present in swimming and swarming bacteria

A

Flagella

111
Q

Flagella is a ling hair-like _______ filaments extending from __________ ___________ to _________ of the cell

A

Helical, cytoplasmic membrane, exterior

112
Q

Parts of a Flagella

A

Basal body, hook, and filament

113
Q

4 types of flagella by structure

A
  1. Monotrichous
  2. Lophotrichous
  3. Amphitrichous
  4. Peritrichous
114
Q

Example of mono-, Lopho-, amphi-, peritrichous

A

Mono - Vibrio cholerae
Lopho - Bartonella bacillifornis
Amphi - Spirillum serpens
Peri - Escherichia coli

115
Q

Longer, thicker and fewer in number than fimbriae that aid in attachment

A

Pili

116
Q

A pili is a ____ _________ or ____ ____ - aid in bacterial ________ - transfers genetic material to another through _____ _____

A

Long conjugation
Sex pill
Conjugation
Direct contact

117
Q

Ln. For “threads” or “fibers”

A

Fimbriae

118
Q

Has tiny bristle-like fibers that is shorter and thinner than long conjugation pili

A

Fimbriae

119
Q

Attached bacterium to the surface

A

Fimbriae

120
Q

A collodial system containing a variety of organic and inorganic solutes containing 80% H2O and 20% salts and proteins

A

Cytoplasm

121
Q

Cytoplasm contains ____% H2O and ____ % salts and proteins

A

80%, 20%

122
Q

Cytoplasm is rich in _____,______, and _______

A

Ribosomes, DNA, and Fluid

123
Q

Structure that is the site for many of the cell’s biochemical and synthetic activities

A

Cytoplasm

124
Q

Structure where there is protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

125
Q

Structure thatvis vesicular, convoluted tubules formed by invagination of plasma membrane into the cytoplasm

A

Mesosome

126
Q

Structure thatvis the principal sites of respiration enzymes and help with cell reproduction

A

Mesosome

127
Q

Located on a nucleoid, a distance cytoplasmic structure, in which double-stranded DNA

A

Bacterial chromosome

128
Q

Where is bacterial chromosome located

A

Nucleoid

129
Q

Many bacteria conta extra chromosomal elements such as _____ ehich are genetally circular

A

Plasmids

130
Q

Aggregates of polymers produces when there is excess of nutrients in the environment and they are the storage reserve for granule, phosphates, and other substances

A

Cytoplasmic inclusions

131
Q

Cytoplasmic inclusions can take rhe form of ______, ________, or________, some are ________

A

Granules, crystals, or globules, some are amorphous

132
Q

Are “spores”, are simplified forms of the bacteria

A

Bacterial endospores

133
Q

Bacterial endoscope consisting of the ____ ______, small amounts of ______, and a specialized coating that confers resistance to _______, ________, and other harsh _______ conditions

A

DNA Genome
Cytoplasm
Heat
Radiation
External

134
Q

Virtually immortal, and can be re-activated, under favorable growth conditions, after lying dormant for hundreds or perhaps millions of years

A

Bacterial endospores

135
Q

Due to the Bacterial endoscope’s ability ro growth under _______ conditions, and to lay ______ for long periods, it can be nearly impossible to prevent infections caused by pathogenic species of _____ _______ and ______ _______

A

Anaerobic
Dormant
Class Bacilli and Class clostridia

136
Q

Are organisms of the domain archaea multicellular or unicellular?

A

Unicellular

137
Q

Members of Archaea gained reputations for being what?

A

Extramophiles

138
Q

An organism that thrives in extreme conditons such as extreme salinity, pressure, chemical concentration, or temperature

A

Extramophile

139
Q

Extramophile thrives in extreme conditons such as extreme ______, _________, ________ _______, or __________

A

Salinity, pressure, chemical concentration, or temperature

140
Q

Kingdoms under Domain archaea

A

Halophile, barophile, acidophile, alkaliphile, thermophile, psychrophile

141
Q

Bacteria typically 1-3μm in diameter, perfectly round or lobed and lumpy, and forms clusters

A

Coccus

142
Q

Example of a coccus

A

Methanococcus jannaschii

143
Q

Bacteria that are short bar-shaped rods to long slender hair-like forms

A

Bacillus

144
Q

Diameter of a coccus

A

1-3 μm

145
Q

Width and Length of bacillus

A

1-2 μm wide by 1-5μm long

146
Q

Bacteria that forms chains

A

Bacillus

147
Q

Example of Bacillus

A

Halobacterium sp.

148
Q

Size of cell in prokaryotes in diameter

A

0.2-2 micrometer

149
Q

Size of Eukaryotic cell in diameter

A

10-100 micrometer

150
Q

Deos a prokaryotic cell have a nucleus

A

None

151
Q

Does a eukaryotic cell have a nucleus

A

Yes

152
Q

What do the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell have

A

Sterols and carbohydrates

153
Q

Cell division in prokaryotic cell

A

Binary fission

154
Q

Cell division in eukaryotic cell

A

Mitosis

155
Q

Typical size of a bacterium

A

1 micrometer

156
Q

Other term for rod-shaped bacteria

A

Filamentous bacteria

157
Q

Size of thiomargarita namibiensis

A

0.5 mm wide

158
Q

Application of dyes

A

Gram-staining

159
Q

What classification based on staining patters has the most complex structure

A

Gram-negative

160
Q

Is composed of polymets of alternating NAM and NAG subunits. Founded only in bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan

161
Q

What is present in gram-negative that is absent in Gram-positive

A

Outer membrane layer

162
Q

What is found in the outer membrane layer of a gram-negative

A

Lipopolysaccharide

163
Q

What gram character has a thick layer of peptidoglycan

A

Gram-positive

164
Q

3 layers of Gram-negative

A

Inner membrane, thin layer of peptidoglycan, outer membrane

165
Q

What is the cell wall of a prokaryotic cell composed of

A

Peptidoglycan

166
Q

Two parts of a phospholipid bilayer of a bacterial plasma membrane

A

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

167
Q

2 layers of glycocalyx

A

Slime layer and Capsule

168
Q

Formed by th folding of the plasma membrane

A

Mesosome

169
Q

What do plasmids form?

A

Recombinant DNA

170
Q

Formation of endospores

A

Sporulation

171
Q

Sporulation cycle

A
  1. DNA replication of mother cell
  2. Membranes form around the DNA
  3. Forespore forms additional membrane
  4. Protective cortex forms around the spore
  5. Protein coat forms around the cortex
  6. Spore is released
172
Q

Difference between archaeal phospholipids and bacterial phospholipids

A

Archaeal phospholipids have phytanyl sidechain and an esther linkage

Bacterial phospholipids have ester linkage

MICRO PARA CHAPTER 2 (8 decks)

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