Lesson 1: Prokaryotic Flashcards
1
Q
This science provides a consistent means to classify, name (nomenclature), and identify organisms
A
Taxonomy
2
Q
Organizing microorganisms into groups or taxa based on similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits.
A
Taxonomy
3
Q
Hierarchical system of classification (in order)
A
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
4
Q
Binomial nomenclature by?
A
Carl Linnaeus
5
Q
System used to name species
A
Binomial nomenclature
6
Q
Name species
A
Scientific name
7
Q
Each species is given a name rhat consists of what 2 parts
A
- Genus name
- Species Name
8
Q
Generic name
A
Genus name
9
Q
Genus name always begin with what?
A
Capital letter
10
Q
Specific name
A
Species name
11
Q
Species name always begin with what?
A
Small letter
12
Q
Scientific name must be ______ or in ______ when qritten or typed
A
Underlined or in Italics
13
Q
What domain do Humans belong?
A
Eukarya
14
Q
What are the 3 domains?
A
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
15
Q
What domain are we closer with?
A
Archaea
16
Q
Tree that shows branches of the 3 Domains
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Phylogenetic Tree of Life
17
Q
Main types of cells
A
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
18
Q
Are diverse single-celled organisms-prokaryotes
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Bacteria
19
Q
Bacteria are sometimes referred to as?
A
Eubacteria
20
Q
What does Eubacteria mean?
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“true bacteria”
21
Q
Average diameter of spherical bacteria
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0.5-2.0μm
22
Q
Length and diameter of rod-shaped or filamentous bacteria
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L: 1-10μm
Dm: 0.25-1.0μm
23
Q
General Length and diameter of bacteria of medical importance
A
L: 3-5μm
Dm: 0.2-1.5μm
24
Q
World’s largest bacteria
A
Thiomargarita namibiensis
25
Classification of bacteria based on shape and arrangement
Spherical (cocci)
Rod-shaped (bacilli)
Spiral-shaped
26
Arrangements of cocci
Coccus , Diplococci, Tetrad, Sarcina, Staphylococci, Streptococci
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Arrangements of Bacilli
Bacillus, Diplobacilli, streptobacilli, pallisades, coccobacilli
28
Arrangements of spiral
Spirochetes, Spirilla (helical-shaped/Corkscrew form), Vibrio
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Arrangement of Cocci that has a single cell
Coccus
30
Cocci in pairs; spherical, flattened, elongated, or bean-shaped
Diplococci
31
Cocci in group of 4 cells; cells divide into two planes
Tetrad
32
In tetrad, how many planes does cells divide into?
Two
33
Cocci grouped of 8 cells; cells divide in perpendicular plane; strict anaerobe
Sarcina
34
In sarcina, cells divide in a ________ plane
Perpendicular
35
Cocci with long chains; immotile and gram-positive
Streptococci
36
Streptococci is present in family _____
Streptococcaceae
37
Cocci thatvis grape-like clusters; cells divides in both the planes; immotile and gram-positive
Staphylococci
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Single cells; form endospores; facultative anaerobes
Bacillus
39
What do Bacillus form?
Endospores
40
Examples of Bacillus (2)
1. Salmonella enterica subsp.
2. Bacillus cereus
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Bacilli in pairs; after cell division, the teo cells do not divide and grow in an attached arrangement
Diplobacilli
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Bacilli in chains; cell divides in single chain
Streptobacilli
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Examples of Diplococci (2)
1.Moraxella catarrhalis
2. Neisseria gonorrhea
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Example of Tetrad
Tetragenococcus muriaticus
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Examples of Sarcina (2)
1. Sarcina aurantiaca
2. Sarcina lutea
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Example of streptococci
Streptococcus mutans
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Examples of Staphylococci (2)
1.Staphylococcy epidermidis
2. Staphylococcus haemolyticus
48
Example of streptobacilli
Streptobacillus moniliformis
49
Resemble both cocci as well as bacilli; shorter in size and thus, appear stumpy
Coccobacilli
50
What do coccobacilli appear?
Stumpy
51
Examples of Coccobacilli
1. Haemophilus influenza
2. Chlamydia trachomatis
52
Resemble a picket fence structure as a result of the bent at the point of division during cell division
Pallisades
53
Why do pallisades resemble a picket fence structure?
Result of the bent at the point of division during cell division
54
Example of pallisades
Corynebacterium diphtheria
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Spiral slightly curved resembling a comma
Vibrio
56
Examples of Vibrio (2)
1. Vibrio parahaemolyticus
2. Vibrio cholerae
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Spiral bacteria having helical shape
Spirochetes
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Flexible and have an axial filament which helps in motility
Spirochetes
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Why are the filaments of spirochetes essential?
Distinguishes character between spirochetes and other bacteria
60
Examples of spirochetes (3)
1. Leptospira interrogans
2. Treponema pallidum
3. Borrelia recurrentis
61
Helical-shaped, corkscrew form
Spirilla
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Similar in structure with spirochetes bute are more rigid
Spirilla
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Spirilla also have a flagellum but lack _______ like in spirochetes
Endoflagella
64
Example of spirilla
1. Spirillum minus
2. Campylobacter jejuni
3. Helicobacter pylori
65
Bacetria classification based on straining patterns
1. Gram-negative bacteria
2. Gram-positive bacteria
3. Atypical
66
Has thin peptidoglycan cell walls; light red of pink
Gram-negative bacteria
67
Gram-negative bacteria has thin ________ cell walls
Peptidoglycan
68
Has thick peptidoglycan cell walls;purple
Gram-positive bacteria
69
Bacteria that cannot be strained by the standard Gran stain procedure
Atypical
70
Species that have an atypical straining pattern
Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Rickettsia
71
Developed by Hans Christian Gram
Gram straining
72
Categorizes bacteria according to their Gram character - Gram-positive or Gram-negative
Gram straining
73
2 categories of bacyeria according to their Gram character
Gram-positive and Gram-negative
74
Gram straining allows also the determination of _____,______, and ______
Cell morphology, size, and arrangement
75
Gram straining procedures
1. Crystal violet
2. Gram's iodine
3. 95% Ethanol or 1:1 acetone with ethanol
4. Safranin
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It is the primary stain used in gram straining procedure
Crystal violet
77
Mordant or dye fixative in gram straining
Gram's iodine
78
Decolorizer in gram straining procedure
95% ethanol or 1:1 acetone with ethanol
79
Counterstain in gram straining procedure
Safranin
80
The structure of the ______ determines whether the organism is Gram-positive or negative.
Cell wall
81
When stained with a primary stain (________) and fixed by a mordant (_______) some bacteria are able to retain the primary stain by resisting ________ while others get decolorized by a _________.
Crystal violet, Gram's Iodine, decolorization, decolorizer
82
Bacteria which retain the primary stain
Gram-positive
83
Bacteria which gets decolorized and then get counterstained
Gram-negative
84
Gram negative results
Pale to dark red
85
Examples of a Gram negative (4)
1.:Escherichia
2. Helicobacter
3. Haemophilus
4. Neisseria
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Result of Gram positive
Dark purple
87
Examples of Gram positive (4)
Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces, Streptococcus
88
Structure: outer layer enclosing the cytoplasm that consists of cell wall and cytoplasmic or plasma membrane
Cell envelope
89
The cell envelope consists of what?
a. Cell wall
b. Cytoplasmic or plasma membrane
90
Structure: beneath the external structures
Cell wall
91
Structure: its main function is to prevent the cell from expanding and eventually bursting due to water uptake
Cell wall
92
Structure that Is essential for bacterial growth and division
Cell wall
93
Cell wall encloses the ______
Protoplasm
94
Structure that is present immediately beneath the cell wall
Cytoplasmic or plasma membrane
95
Structure: thin layer lining the inner surface of cell wall and separating it from cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic or plasma membrane
96
Cytoplasmic or plasma membrane acts as a _______ membrane controlling the flow of metabolites to and from the protoplasm
Semipermeable
97
2 major parts of the external structures
1. Glycocalyx
2. Filamentous appendages
98
Structure that means "sugar coat"
Glycocalyx
99
___________ - sweet
___________ - husk
Glykys- sweet
Kalyx - husk
100
Structure: thick outer covering of the plasma membrane
Glycocalyx
101
Structure: Virulence-related polysaccharide exocellular slime
Glycocalyx
102
Glycocalyx biofilm resists ____________ _________ and provides a degree of protection from antibodies and macrophages
Antibiotic penetration
103
Structure that consists of firmly associated polysaccharide molecules with the cell wall
Capsule
104
Structure that is thicker than slime layer
Capsule
105
Capsule acts as a ______ factor that helps evade __________
Virulence
Phagocytosis
106
Structure that consists of loosely associated glycoprotein and molecules
Slime layer
107
It is a thin glycocalyx layer
Slime layer
108
Mainly aids in the adherence; also protects the cell from dehydration and nutrient loss
Slime layer
109
Slime layer mainly aids in the __________; also protects the cell from _________ and __________ ________
Adherence, dehydration, nutrient loss
110
Structure that is for motility present in swimming and swarming bacteria
Flagella
111
Flagella is a ling hair-like _______ filaments extending from __________ ___________ to _________ of the cell
Helical, cytoplasmic membrane, exterior
112
Parts of a Flagella
Basal body, hook, and filament
113
4 types of flagella by structure
1. Monotrichous
2. Lophotrichous
3. Amphitrichous
4. Peritrichous
114
Example of mono-, Lopho-, amphi-, peritrichous
Mono - Vibrio cholerae
Lopho - Bartonella bacillifornis
Amphi - Spirillum serpens
Peri - Escherichia coli
115
Longer, thicker and fewer in number than fimbriae that aid in attachment
Pili
116
A pili is a ____ _________ or ____ ____ - aid in bacterial ________ - transfers genetic material to another through _____ _____
Long conjugation
Sex pill
Conjugation
Direct contact
117
Ln. For "threads" or "fibers"
Fimbriae
118
Has tiny bristle-like fibers that is shorter and thinner than long conjugation pili
Fimbriae
119
Attached bacterium to the surface
Fimbriae
120
A collodial system containing a variety of organic and inorganic solutes containing 80% H2O and 20% salts and proteins
Cytoplasm
121
Cytoplasm contains ____% H2O and ____ % salts and proteins
80%, 20%
122
Cytoplasm is rich in _____,______, and _______
Ribosomes, DNA, and Fluid
123
Structure that is the site for many of the cell's biochemical and synthetic activities
Cytoplasm
124
Structure where there is protein synthesis
Ribosomes
125
Structure thatvis vesicular, convoluted tubules formed by invagination of plasma membrane into the cytoplasm
Mesosome
126
Structure thatvis the principal sites of respiration enzymes and help with cell reproduction
Mesosome
127
Located on a nucleoid, a distance cytoplasmic structure, in which double-stranded DNA
Bacterial chromosome
128
Where is bacterial chromosome located
Nucleoid
129
Many bacteria conta extra chromosomal elements such as _____ ehich are genetally circular
Plasmids
130
Aggregates of polymers produces when there is excess of nutrients in the environment and they are the storage reserve for granule, phosphates, and other substances
Cytoplasmic inclusions
131
Cytoplasmic inclusions can take rhe form of ______, ________, or________, some are ________
Granules, crystals, or globules, some are amorphous
132
Are "spores", are simplified forms of the bacteria
Bacterial endospores
133
Bacterial endoscope consisting of the ____ ______, small amounts of ______, and a specialized coating that confers resistance to _______, ________, and other harsh _______ conditions
DNA Genome
Cytoplasm
Heat
Radiation
External
134
Virtually immortal, and can be re-activated, under favorable growth conditions, after lying dormant for hundreds or perhaps millions of years
Bacterial endospores
135
Due to the Bacterial endoscope's ability ro growth under _______ conditions, and to lay ______ for long periods, it can be nearly impossible to prevent infections caused by pathogenic species of _____ _______ and ______ _______
Anaerobic
Dormant
Class Bacilli and Class clostridia
136
Are organisms of the domain archaea multicellular or unicellular?
Unicellular
137
Members of Archaea gained reputations for being what?
Extramophiles
138
An organism that thrives in extreme conditons such as extreme salinity, pressure, chemical concentration, or temperature
Extramophile
139
Extramophile thrives in extreme conditons such as extreme ______, _________, ________ _______, or __________
Salinity, pressure, chemical concentration, or temperature
140
Kingdoms under Domain archaea
Halophile, barophile, acidophile, alkaliphile, thermophile, psychrophile
141
Bacteria typically 1-3μm in diameter, perfectly round or lobed and lumpy, and forms clusters
Coccus
142
Example of a coccus
Methanococcus jannaschii
143
Bacteria that are short bar-shaped rods to long slender hair-like forms
Bacillus
144
Diameter of a coccus
1-3 μm
145
Width and Length of bacillus
1-2 μm wide by 1-5μm long
146
Bacteria that forms chains
Bacillus
147
Example of Bacillus
Halobacterium sp.
148
Size of cell in prokaryotes in diameter
0.2-2 micrometer
149
Size of Eukaryotic cell in diameter
10-100 micrometer
150
Deos a prokaryotic cell have a nucleus
None
151
Does a eukaryotic cell have a nucleus
Yes
152
What do the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell have
Sterols and carbohydrates
153
Cell division in prokaryotic cell
Binary fission
154
Cell division in eukaryotic cell
Mitosis
155
Typical size of a bacterium
1 micrometer
156
Other term for rod-shaped bacteria
Filamentous bacteria
157
Size of thiomargarita namibiensis
0.5 mm wide
158
Application of dyes
Gram-staining
159
What classification based on staining patters has the most complex structure
Gram-negative
160
Is composed of polymets of alternating NAM and NAG subunits. Founded only in bacteria
Peptidoglycan
161
What is present in gram-negative that is absent in Gram-positive
Outer membrane layer
162
What is found in the outer membrane layer of a gram-negative
Lipopolysaccharide
163
What gram character has a thick layer of peptidoglycan
Gram-positive
164
3 layers of Gram-negative
Inner membrane, thin layer of peptidoglycan, outer membrane
165
What is the cell wall of a prokaryotic cell composed of
Peptidoglycan
166
Two parts of a phospholipid bilayer of a bacterial plasma membrane
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
167
2 layers of glycocalyx
Slime layer and Capsule
168
Formed by th folding of the plasma membrane
Mesosome
169
What do plasmids form?
Recombinant DNA
170
Formation of endospores
Sporulation
171
Sporulation cycle
1. DNA replication of mother cell
2. Membranes form around the DNA
3. Forespore forms additional membrane
4. Protective cortex forms around the spore
5. Protein coat forms around the cortex
6. Spore is released
172
Difference between archaeal phospholipids and bacterial phospholipids
Archaeal phospholipids have phytanyl sidechain and an esther linkage
Bacterial phospholipids have ester linkage
