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152 LE4 > Virus in the respiratory tract II > Flashcards

Virus in the respiratory tract II Flashcards

1
Q

Rhinovirus belongs to the family of ______

A

Picornaviridae

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2
Q

The family Picornaviridae is made up of many ______ and ____ types

A

enterovirus and rhinovirus types

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3
Q

Other viruses under Pircornaviridae

A

■ Poliovirus
■ Rhinovirus
■ Echovirus
■ Coxsackievirus

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4
Q

Rhinovirus has more than ____ serotypes

A

150

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5
Q

Rhinovirus can cause upper or lower respiratory tract infections?

A

upper

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6
Q

Two receptor groups of Rhinoviridae

A

Major and Minor

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7
Q

Low-density lipoprotein receptor family (LDLR) as receptor

A

Minor receptor group

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8
Q

Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) as
receptor

A

Major Receptor Group

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

pH at which rhinovirus is inactivated

A

3.0

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11
Q

What are the steps for Picornaviridae replication?

A
  1. Uptake
  2. Release of the viral RNA
  3. Translation
  4. Proteolytic processing
  5. (-) RNA synthesis
  6. (+) RNA synthesis
  7. Encapsidation
  8. Cell lysis
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12
Q

VPg Protein is always linked to the _____ genome

A

(+) ssRNA genome

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13
Q

There are high titers of Rhinovirus in ______

A

Nasal secretions

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14
Q

Replication of rhinovirus is limited to the _____

A

surface epithelium

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15
Q

Symptoms of Rhinovirus

A
  • Sneezing
  • Nasal Obstruction
  • Nasal discharge
  • Sore throat
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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: For URTI, antibiotics are needed for treatment.

A

FALSE, most common causes of URTI are viral

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17
Q

Secondary bacterial infections caused by Rhinovirus

A

○ Otitis media
○ Sinusitis
○ Bronchitis
○ Pneumonitis

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18
Q

Recovery of illness usually ____ antibody production

A

Precedes

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19
Q

Rhinovirus attack rates are higher in ____ and lowest in _____

A

rainy seasons, summer

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20
Q

The _____ is a major site of spread for rhinovirus

A

Family unit

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21
Q

Difficulties in developing rhinovirus vaccine

A

○ Difficulty in growing rhinoviruses to high titer in culture
○ Fleeting immunity
○ Multiplicity of serotypes

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22
Q

The crown chape of Coronavirus is caused by the _______

A

spike proteins around the virion

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23
Q

What are the novel coronaviruses that caused pandemics?

A

■ Severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV (2003)
■ Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (2012)
■ SARS-CoV-2(2019

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24
Q

The SARS-CoV outbreak was first reported in _____

A

China

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25
Q

MERS-CoV has a direct or indirect connection with the ____

A

Middle East

26
Q

MERS-CoV is ___ transmissible than SARS-CoV, and is _______ deadly

A

less transmissible, more deadly

27
Q

This coronavirus can cause acute renal failure.

A

MERS-CoV

28
Q

the SARS-CoV-2 is most closely related to ___

A

bats

29
Q

______ is the intermediary mammal invoked as potential bridge in the jump to humans of SARS-CoV-2

A

Pangolin

30
Q

The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is attached to what receptor?

A

ACE2

31
Q

Where are ACE2 receptors highly expressed in humans?

A

Lungs

32
Q

Steps in Viral life cycle of SARS-CoV-2

A
  1. Binding
  2. Entry
  3. Uncoating of + ssRNA
  4. Translation of polyproteins
  5. Proteolysis
  6. Formulation of DMVs
  7. Replication and Transcription of ssRNA.
  8. Formation of subgenomic RNAs
  9. Translation of S, E, and M proteins
  10. Formation of helical nucleocapsids
  11. Processing and maturation
  12. Exocytosis
33
Q

____ is a serine protease that will cause the cleavage of the spike protein once it binds.

A

TMPRSS2

34
Q

What is the site for replication and transcription for SARS-CoV-2?

A

Double membrane vesicles

35
Q

What are S, E, and M proteins?

A

S - Spike
E- Envelope
M - Matrix

36
Q

High ____ levels can lead to an overactive or unregulated immune response in COVID-19 patients

A

IL-6

37
Q

Symptoms of Critical Disease in COVID-19

A

○ Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
○ Acute cardiac injury
○ Multi-organ failure

38
Q

Symptoms of Severe Disease in COVID-19 patiends

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Presence of coexisting illnesses
39
Q

High-Risk groups for COVID-19

A

○ Males
○ Blacks, native Americans, Latin
○ Older age(>65) with comorbidities
○ Comorbidities

40
Q

Viral shedding for COVID-19 starts ___ before symptom onset

A

1-2 days

41
Q

Incubation period for COVID-19

A

Mean of 5-6 Days, range of 2-12 days

42
Q

Diagnosis of COVID-19

A
  • Molecular (rRT-PCR)
  • Antigen
  • Serologic
  • Viral Culture
43
Q

RT-PCR only detects genetic material (RNA) and doesn’t measure _____

A

viability

44
Q

Antivirals for COVID-19

A

Remdesivir and Molnupiravir

45
Q

Types of Vaccines used for COVID-19

A
  • Inactivated vaccine
  • mRNA vaccine
  • Adenovirus vector
46
Q

The sputnik V vaccine uses _____ and ____ vectors for the first and second dose

A

adenovirus 26 (Ad26)
adenovirus 5 (Ad5)

47
Q

AstraZeneca vaccine uses ________ as the vector

A

chimpanzee adenovirus

48
Q

Johnson & Johnson(Janssen) vaccine uses what adenovirus

A

adenovirus 26 (Ad26)

49
Q

COVID-19 variants happen when there are _____ from the original virus

A

point mutations

50
Q

Variants of Interest for COVID-19 is a variant with specific genetic markers (mutations) that
have been associated with:

A

○ Changes to receptor binding
○ Reduced neutralization by antibodies generated against previous infection or vaccination
○ Reduced efficacy of treatments
○ Potential diagnostic impact
○ Predicted increase in transmissibility or disease severity

51
Q

Variants of concerns for COVID-19 has evidence of:

A

○ Increase in transmissibility
○ More severe disease (e.g., increased hospitalizations or deaths)
○ Significant reduction in neutralization by antibodies generated during previous infection or vaccination
○ Reduced effectiveness of treatments or vaccines
○ Diagnostic detection failures

52
Q

Currently known variants of concern

A

○ B.1.351 (South African)
○ P.1(Brazil)
○ B.1.1.7 (UK)
○ B.1.617.2 (India)
○ B.1.1.529 (Omicron)

53
Q

What is the 5th variant of concern for COVID-19?

A

Omicron

54
Q

Which Covid-19 Variant is ore transmissible than the original SARS-CoV-2 with evidence suggesting that it has antibody resistance?

A

Beta B.1.351 (South Africa)

55
Q

Which Covid-19 variant was first detected in Japan from Brazilian travelers where the effectiveness of antibodies dropped by 6-fold?

A

Gamma
P.1

56
Q

Which Covid-19 variant was first detected in India where there was a potential reduction in neutralization by post vaccination sera?

A

Delta B.1.617.2 (India

57
Q

What Covid-19 variant was first detected in South Africa where the neutralization efficacy of vaccine-elicited sera against Omicron was severely reduced?

A

Omicron B.1.1.529

58
Q

This Covid-19 variant was first reported in the Philippines and did not become a variant of concern.

A

Theta PH-B.1.1.28 (Philippines)

59
Q

Most important cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children

A

RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV)

60
Q

Replication of RSV usually occurs initially in the _____ of the _____

A

epithelial cells in the nasopharynx

61
Q

Mediates fusion between the viral envelope and airway epithelial cells and results in the formation of multinucleate syncytia

A

RSV fusion (F) protein

152 LE4 (6 decks)

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