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152 LE4 > Influenza > Flashcards

Influenza Flashcards

1
Q

Influenza Major Serotypes

A

A, B, C

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2
Q

Influenza Order

A

Mononegavirales

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3
Q

Family

A

Orthomyxoviridae

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4
Q

Genera

A

Influenzavirus

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5
Q

Structure

A

Spherical, pleomorphic

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6
Q

Characteristics

A

Enveloped, ssRNA negative-strand virus

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7
Q

Capsid

A

Helical

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8
Q

Capsid Assembly

A

Citoplasm

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9
Q

Segments are monocistronic except___ and ______

A

Non
structural (NS1, NS2), Matrix (M1, M2)
genes

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10
Q

Influenza A & B virus has ____ segments which is ____

A

8, complete

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11
Q

Influenza C has ____ segments

A

7

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12
Q

Unique Properties of Influenza (4 traits)

A
  • High mutability
  • Genetic diversity
  • Genetic reassortment
  • Antigenic change
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13
Q

Where does RNA transcription and translation take place?

A

Nucleus

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14
Q

What are envelope glycoprotein spikes?

A
  • Hemagglutinin (HA)
  • Neuraminidase (NA)
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15
Q

Function of HA (haemagglutinin)

A

Viral entry into target cell

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16
Q

Function of (NA) neuraminidase

A

Release of viral particles from target cells and help in dissemination of virion particles throughout respiratory tract

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17
Q

Function of PA (acidic polymerase protein)

A

Endonuclease activity and help in cap snatching mechanism

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18
Q

Function of PB1 (basic polymerase protein - 1)

A

Viral mRNA transcription by 5’ cap snatching mechanism

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19
Q

Function of PB2 (basic polymerase protein - 2)

A

Unprimed replication of viral mRNA

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20
Q

Function of PB1-F2

A

Apoptosis of Host Cell

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21
Q

Function of M1 (Matrix Protein)

A

Role of attachment of vNRP to cell membrane and provide stability

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22
Q

Function of M2 (ion-channel protein)

A

Help in releasing vRNP from endosome to cytoplasm

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23
Q

Function of NP (nucleoprotein particle)

A

Participate in the nuclear import and export of vRNP and viral replication

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24
Q

Function of NS1 (nonstructural protein - 1)

A

Suppress IFN-Beta and host protein production

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25
Q

Function of NS2 (nonstructural protein - 2)

A

Help in nuclear import of vRNP

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26
Q

Surface glycoproteins are _____ and serve _______

A

antigenic, Special functional importance to the virus

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27
Q

The high frequency of variations of these two result in new serologic types

A

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase

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28
Q

Function of Hemagglutinin

A

*Binding to host receptor
* Internalization of the virus
*Facilitation of membrane
fusion events
*Target of neutralizing
antibodies

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29
Q

__, __, and __ are most associated with human infection

A

H1, H2, H3

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30
Q

Function of Neuraminidase

A

*Hydrolyzes the mucus on respiratory epithelium
*Destroys unoccupied
hemagglutinin receptors

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31
Q

__ and __ are most associated with human infection

A

N1 and N2

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32
Q

Only type ____ has subtypes

A

A

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33
Q

How many HA subtypes are there and how many affect humans?

A

16 HA, 4 affect humans (H1-H3, H5)

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34
Q

How many NA subtypes are there and how many affect humans?

A

9 NA, 2 affect humans (N1, N2)

35
Q

What type of flu is H1N1? (Seasonal, Pandemic, Zoonotic)

A

Seasonal, Pandemic, Zoonotic

36
Q

What type of flu is A(H3N2)? (Seasonal, Pandemic, Zoonotic)

A

Seasonal, Zoonotic

37
Q

What type of flu is Spanish flu? (Seasonal, Pandemic, Zoonotic)

38
Q

What type of flu is Type B and C? (Seasonal, Pandemic, Zoonotic)

39
Q

Lineage of Type B influenza

A

Victoria and Yamagata

39
Q

What type of flu is H5N1 and H9N2? (Seasonal, Pandemic, Zoonotic)

40
Q

Major Reservoirs of Influenza

A

Birds, swine, horses, dogs, cats, domestic
poultry

41
Q

Minor Changes - antigenic _____; Majora Changes - antigenic _____

A

drift, shift

42
Q

What happens in antigenic drift?

A
  • minor mutations in the
    hemagglutinin antigen
  • makes prior immunity less effective
  • Occurs among influenza A viruses
43
Q

What happens in antigenic shift?

A
  • major changes occur in surface antigens
    that occurs by reassortment
  • virus strains appear more different
    antigenically from previously seen strains;
    makes prior immunity less effective
44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Antigenic drift occurs in all influenza viruses

A

FALSE, only influenza A

45
Q

Influenza transmission happens through ___

A

coughing and sneezing

45
Q

Children can be infectious for ___ days

46
Q

Young children can shed virus for __ days before their illness onset

47
Q

Severely immunocompromised persons can shed virus for _____

A

weeks or months

48
Q

Adults infectious from the day ____

A

before symptoms begin until 5 days after illness onset

50
Q

Theories for the emergence of pandemic viruses

A

*Genetic reassortment between human and
animal viruses
*Direct transfer of viruses between animals and humans
*Re-emergence of viruses from unrecognized or unsuspected reservoirs.

51
Q

Also known as the avian strain

52
Q

“swine flu” and also known as influenza
____, emerged in Mexico

54
Q

__ and __ subtypes are known to cause the
highly pathogenic form of the disease

55
Q

Influenza A (H7N9) circulate among ____

56
Q

Transmission of Influenza A(H7N9)

A

respiratory droplets or contact

57
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Influenza A(H7N9) is considered to be low pathogenic
avian influenza

58
Q

In March 2013, there was an Influenza A(H7N9) in what country?

58
Q

In the Philippines, what influenza strand affected a cumulative of 24 provinces?

59
Q

Strand H5N6 affected which province?

A

Guimba, Nueva Ecija

60
Q

Strand H7N7 affected which province?

A

Mexico, Pampanga

61
Q

Influenza causes the cellular ____ and _______ of superficial mucosa

A

destruction, desquamation

62
Q

Influenza can lead to ____

A

Secondary bacterial superinfection

63
Q

In influenza pathogenesis, there is a disruption of ____

A

mucociliary escalator

64
Q

Local symptomatic phase

A

cellular damage, edema

65
Q

Systemic symptomatic phase

A

cytokines, interferon

66
Q

HA binding, endocytosis, M2 ion channel, HA2 fusion peptide are terms correlated in what part of pathogenesis?

A

Attachment, Penetration, and Uncoating

67
Q

In transcription and translation, nucleocapsid ____ the _____

A

enters. nucleus

68
Q

In transcription and translation, RNA polymerase transcribes ____ to _____

A

(-) ssRNA, (+) ssRNA

69
Q

What happens in viral replication

A
  • (+) ssRNA acts as a template to produce new (-) ssRNA.
  • Nucleocapsid forms with viral RNA and NP proteins.
70
Q

In maturation and release, _____ is exported to ______

A

nucleocapsid, cytoplasm

71
Q

In maturation and release, __ and __ is inserted into host cell membrane

72
Q

Incubation period length

A

2 days (range 1-4 days)

73
Q

Symptoms of Influenza

A

Abrupt onset of fever, myalgia,
sore throat, nonproductive
cough, headache

74
Q

Immunity depends on __________ and ___________

A

immunity to previous variant circulating in
population and on relatedness of the two variants

75
Q

Most epidemics are due to antigenic (drift/shift)

76
Q

Antibody against H protein: protective; Ab against N protein: ____

A

Disease severity

77
Q

Diagnostic Tests for influenza

A
  • Viral culture
  • Serology
  • Rapid antigen testing
  • polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  • Immunofluorescence
78
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Throat swab
specimens are typically more effective than nasopharyngeal specimens

A

False, opposite

79
Q

Treatment

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) Oseltamivir and Zanamivir

80
Q

Treatment is beneficial for:

A
  • pregnant patients
  • patients with progressing lower respiratory disease or pneumonia
  • patients with underlying medical conditions

152 LE4 (6 decks)

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