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152 LE4 > Microorganisms in Respiratory Tract I > Flashcards

Microorganisms in Respiratory Tract I Flashcards

1
Q

S. pneumoniae is ______ on blood-agar which is also called green hemolysis due to production of ___________

A

alpha hemolytic, hydrogen peroxide

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2
Q

The optochin test is used to distinguish which bacteria from which bacteria?

A

distinguish S. pneumoniae from S. viridans

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3
Q

S. pneumoniae asymptomatically colonize the _____ and ______ as long as the immune system keeps them in check.

A

nasal cavity and sinuses

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4
Q

_______: community-acquired
_______: Hospital-acquired

A

S. pneumoniae
K. Pneumoniae

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5
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of S. pneumoniae?

A

Pneumonia
Rhinosinusitis
Bacteremia
Otitis Media
Meningitis

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6
Q

For S. pneumoniae, what biological samples can be used for culture?

A

Pus, sputum, CSF, or peritoneal fluid

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7
Q

Which of the following vaccines is recommended for young children to prevent S. pneumoniae infections?

A. PPV23
B. PRV13
C. PPV13
D. PCV13

A

D. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine(PCV13)

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8
Q

_____ is the classic first line of treatment for S. pneumoniae

A

Beta lactams

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9
Q

K. pneumoniae can normally colonize the _____ and _____

A

oropharynx, GI tract

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10
Q

K. pneumoniae grows better in an aerobic environment. Because of this, it prefers places like ________ where there is unlimited flow of oxygen

A

Ventilators in the ICU

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11
Q

K. pneumoniae can produce an enzyme called _____ that can dissociate ____ into carbon dioxide and ammonia

A

urease, urea

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12
Q

Enumerate the virulence factors of K. pneumoniae

A

Capsule
Pili
LPS
Siderophore
Urease

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13
Q

Siderophore snatches what mineral from host cells to help K. pneumoniae thrive and replicate?

A

Iron

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14
Q

The precipitation of alkaline urine can combine with ammonium to form struvite stones that often lead to ________.

A

large staghorn renal calculi or kidney stones.

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15
Q

Match the following clinical manifestations to each vulnerable population

I. Lobar Pneumonia
II. UTIs
III. Bacteremia
IV. Spontaneous Bacterial peritonitis

A. People with Blood vessel catheters
B. People with Cirrhosis and Ascites
C. People with Diabetes or with Alcohol Dependence
D. People with Urinary Catheters

A

I - C
II - D
III - A
IV - B

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16
Q

K. pneumoniae is resistant to which group of antibiotics?

A

beta-lactams

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17
Q

Klebsiella strains that produce extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) are resistant to ________

A

Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, and
Fluoroquinolones

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18
Q

These three toxins help anchor Bordetella to the epithelia

A

Filamentous hemagglutinin
Pertactin
Agglutinin

19
Q

In people infected with Bordetella pertussis, there is mucous build-up which will be accompanied by a violent cough reflex. What toxin is responsible for this symptoms?

A

Tracheal cytotoxin

20
Q

Which of the following toxin causes the increase in the absolute lymphocyte level in the blood?

A. Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
B. Tracheal cytotoxin
C. Pertussis Toxin

A

C. Pertussis Toxin

21
Q

The adenylate cyclase toxin is produced by ______ which blocks the _______ from getting to the site of infection.

A

B. pertussis, phagocyte

22
Q

Three phases of Bordetella

A

Catarrhal, Paroxysmal, Convalescent

23
Q

In really young infants, the paroxysmal phase can manifest through:

A

gasping, cyanosis, apnea, or can have an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE)

24
Q

The inspiratory whooping noise come from air sliding past the ______

A

Glottis

25
Q

At which phase is it best to diagnose Bordetella?

A

Catarrhal Phase

26
Q

Nasal swabbing of the _______ can help in the diagnosis of Bordetella

A

nasopharynx

27
Q

Aside from nasal swabbing, the ________ is an important predictor for the severity of Bordetella

A

Degree of lymphocytosis

28
Q

At which trimester should pregnant women take B. pertussis vaccine?

A

Third Trimester

29
Q

This bacteria is a club-looking bacteria

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

30
Q

When stained with _____, C. diphtheriae may appear as a green club-shaped bacteria with metachromatic granules.

A

Albert’s Stain

31
Q

What medium is used to grow C. diphtheriae?

A

Cystine-tellurite blood agar

32
Q

All C. diphtheriae subspecies start out as nontoxigenic. It only becomes toxigenic after infection of _______

A

beta-bacteriophage

33
Q

The DT complex subunits are enjoined by ____ bond.

A. Disulfide
B. Cysteine
C. Cystine
D. Sulfide

A

A. Disulfide

34
Q

Which subunit of the DT complex contains the ADP ribose grup?

A

A subunit

35
Q

If the A subunit of the DT complex is the enzymatically active site, what is the function of the B subunit?

A

Binding to the host cell membrane

36
Q

Provide the chronological order of the method of transmission for DT complex

A. Attachment of B subunit
B. Breaking of disulfide bond
C. A-subunit diffusion to the ribosome
D. Endosome Formation
E. Protein synthesis interference

A

A > D > B > C > E

37
Q

The ADP ribose group attaches to the ______

A

Elongation factor (EF2)

38
Q

Pharyngeal diphtheria is often transmitted through ______

A

Respiratory droplets

39
Q

What is the hallmark of respiratory diphtheria?

A

Pseudomembrane

40
Q

How can death by asphyxiation happen in diphtheria?

A

A portion of the pseudomembrane can detach and get lodged in the trachea or bronchi.

41
Q

When diphtheriae reaches the bloodstream, the following diseases in the organs may occur

Heart: ____
Kidney: _____
Nerves: ____

A

Heart: Myocarditis
Kidney: Acute tubular necrosis
Nerves: Nerve demyelination

42
Q

This test is used to determine if the C. diphtheriae strain is toxigenic.

A

Elek’s Test

43
Q
A

152 LE4 (6 decks)

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