Microorganisms in Respiratory Tract I Flashcards
S. pneumoniae is ______ on blood-agar which is also called green hemolysis due to production of ___________
alpha hemolytic, hydrogen peroxide
The optochin test is used to distinguish which bacteria from which bacteria?
distinguish S. pneumoniae from S. viridans
S. pneumoniae asymptomatically colonize the _____ and ______ as long as the immune system keeps them in check.
nasal cavity and sinuses
_______: community-acquired
_______: Hospital-acquired
S. pneumoniae
K. Pneumoniae
What are the clinical manifestations of S. pneumoniae?
Pneumonia
Rhinosinusitis
Bacteremia
Otitis Media
Meningitis
For S. pneumoniae, what biological samples can be used for culture?
Pus, sputum, CSF, or peritoneal fluid
Which of the following vaccines is recommended for young children to prevent S. pneumoniae infections?
A. PPV23
B. PRV13
C. PPV13
D. PCV13
D. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine(PCV13)
_____ is the classic first line of treatment for S. pneumoniae
Beta lactams
K. pneumoniae can normally colonize the _____ and _____
oropharynx, GI tract
K. pneumoniae grows better in an aerobic environment. Because of this, it prefers places like ________ where there is unlimited flow of oxygen
Ventilators in the ICU
K. pneumoniae can produce an enzyme called _____ that can dissociate ____ into carbon dioxide and ammonia
urease, urea
Enumerate the virulence factors of K. pneumoniae
Capsule
Pili
LPS
Siderophore
Urease
Siderophore snatches what mineral from host cells to help K. pneumoniae thrive and replicate?
Iron
The precipitation of alkaline urine can combine with ammonium to form struvite stones that often lead to ________.
large staghorn renal calculi or kidney stones.
Match the following clinical manifestations to each vulnerable population
I. Lobar Pneumonia
II. UTIs
III. Bacteremia
IV. Spontaneous Bacterial peritonitis
A. People with Blood vessel catheters
B. People with Cirrhosis and Ascites
C. People with Diabetes or with Alcohol Dependence
D. People with Urinary Catheters
I - C
II - D
III - A
IV - B
K. pneumoniae is resistant to which group of antibiotics?
beta-lactams
Klebsiella strains that produce extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) are resistant to ________
Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, and
Fluoroquinolones
These three toxins help anchor Bordetella to the epithelia
Filamentous hemagglutinin
Pertactin
Agglutinin
In people infected with Bordetella pertussis, there is mucous build-up which will be accompanied by a violent cough reflex. What toxin is responsible for this symptoms?
Tracheal cytotoxin
Which of the following toxin causes the increase in the absolute lymphocyte level in the blood?
A. Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
B. Tracheal cytotoxin
C. Pertussis Toxin
C. Pertussis Toxin
The adenylate cyclase toxin is produced by ______ which blocks the _______ from getting to the site of infection.
B. pertussis, phagocyte
Three phases of Bordetella
Catarrhal, Paroxysmal, Convalescent
In really young infants, the paroxysmal phase can manifest through:
gasping, cyanosis, apnea, or can have an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE)
The inspiratory whooping noise come from air sliding past the ______
Glottis
At which phase is it best to diagnose Bordetella?
Catarrhal Phase
Nasal swabbing of the _______ can help in the diagnosis of Bordetella
nasopharynx
Aside from nasal swabbing, the ________ is an important predictor for the severity of Bordetella
Degree of lymphocytosis
At which trimester should pregnant women take B. pertussis vaccine?
Third Trimester
This bacteria is a club-looking bacteria
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
When stained with _____, C. diphtheriae may appear as a green club-shaped bacteria with metachromatic granules.
Albert’s Stain
What medium is used to grow C. diphtheriae?
Cystine-tellurite blood agar
All C. diphtheriae subspecies start out as nontoxigenic. It only becomes toxigenic after infection of _______
beta-bacteriophage
The DT complex subunits are enjoined by ____ bond.
A. Disulfide
B. Cysteine
C. Cystine
D. Sulfide
A. Disulfide
Which subunit of the DT complex contains the ADP ribose grup?
A subunit
If the A subunit of the DT complex is the enzymatically active site, what is the function of the B subunit?
Binding to the host cell membrane
Provide the chronological order of the method of transmission for DT complex
A. Attachment of B subunit
B. Breaking of disulfide bond
C. A-subunit diffusion to the ribosome
D. Endosome Formation
E. Protein synthesis interference
A > D > B > C > E
The ADP ribose group attaches to the ______
Elongation factor (EF2)
Pharyngeal diphtheria is often transmitted through ______
Respiratory droplets
What is the hallmark of respiratory diphtheria?
Pseudomembrane
How can death by asphyxiation happen in diphtheria?
A portion of the pseudomembrane can detach and get lodged in the trachea or bronchi.
When diphtheriae reaches the bloodstream, the following diseases in the organs may occur
Heart: ____
Kidney: _____
Nerves: ____
Heart: Myocarditis
Kidney: Acute tubular necrosis
Nerves: Nerve demyelination
This test is used to determine if the C. diphtheriae strain is toxigenic.
Elek’s Test
