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BIO1339 - Cell > Virus Cell Biology > Flashcards

Virus Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a virus?

A

-DNA or RNA protected by a protein coat

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2
Q

What is the average size of a virus?

A

25-300 nm

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3
Q

What does a virus consist of?

A

RNA, DNA or both
Can be single or double stranded
5-200 poteins

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4
Q

What are extracellular forms of virus called?

A

Virion

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5
Q

What are virion?

A

Protein encapsulated DNA or RNA

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6
Q

What do virus infect?

A

Animals, plants, fungi and bacteria

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7
Q

Are virus alive?

A

No

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8
Q

Why are virus not alive?

A

Do not contain metabolic activity

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9
Q

What do you call virus particles?

A

Viroids

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10
Q

What are protein coats called?

A

Capsids

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11
Q

What proteins in the capsid called?

A

Capsomes

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12
Q

Do virus particles require help or self-assemble?

A

Self-assemble

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13
Q

What do capsids protects in virus?

A

RNA/DNA

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14
Q

What do capsids determine?

A

Shape of virus particle

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15
Q

What are the different organisations of virus particles?

A
  • Naked virus
  • Enveloped virus
  • Complex virus
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16
Q

Describe a naked virus:

A
  • Protein coat
  • Nucleic acid
  • Enzymes
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17
Q

What is an example of a naked virus?

A

Adenovirus

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18
Q

What does adenovirus cause?

A

cold, pneumonia, bronchitis

19
Q

Describe a enveloped virus:

A
  • Protein coat
  • Nucleic acid
  • Enzymes
  • Biomembrane (from host)
  • Enveloped protein (from virus)
20
Q

What is an example of an enveloped virus?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

21
Q

What does HIV cause?

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs)

22
Q

Describe a complex virus:

A
  • Protein coat
  • Nucleic acid
  • Enzymes
  • Complex protein tail
23
Q

What is an example of complex virus?

24
Q

What does T4 phage infect?

25
What are the three distinct ways that virus particles enter the host cell?
- Endocytosis - Membrane fusion - Injection
26
How does the virus enter via endocytosis?
Virus triggers Cathrin-mediate endocytosis and enters the cell as a Trojan horse
27
How does the virus enter via membrane fusion?
Enveloped virus particles bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of host and forces membrane fusion
28
How does the virus enter via injection?
Bacteriophages infect their genetic information and leave the rest of the virus particle behind
29
What are the two ways which a virus particle leaves the host cell?
- Virus exocytosis | - Cell lysis
30
How does a virus exit a host cell via viral exocytosis?
Virus particle assembles at the plasma membrane and "buds off"
31
How does a virus exit a host cell via cell lysis?
Virus kills and disintegrates cell, releases the virus particles that are accumulating the cytoplasm
32
What is it called when a virus is released from a host cell?
Virus egress
33
What are bacteriophages?
Infecting bacteria and specialised to amplify themselves in bacteria
34
What does bacteriophage T4 consist of?
25 structural proteins and double-stranded DNA (more than 134 genes) Injection apparatis is contractile
35
What is the life cycle of a bacteriophage?
Attachment: -virus attaches to surface of bacterial cell -Tail contracts, lytic enzyme breaks the cell wall and core needle pinches cell Injection: -Content of head (protein, DNA/RNA) released from cell -Bacterial metabolism is disrupted and genomic DNA degraded -Viral DNA transcribed into mRNA -Viral DNA is replicated -mRNA is translated into viral protein Assembly: -complex virus particle self-assemble -50-100 phages assemble in the infected cell Cell lysis and release: -Lytic viral proteins (lysosome) disintegrates the cell and releases the phages
36
What are different examples of enveloped viruses infect human?
- Influenza virus - Coronavirus - HIV - Herpes simplex virus - Vaccinia virus
37
Describe the entry of a virus of a host cell by fusion with plasma membrane:
Stage 1: -Envelope via spike proteins interact with plasma membranes -Spike proteins change confirmation - bringing virus particles close to plasma membrane until plasma membrane and viral envelope fuse Stage 2: -Opened up, the enveloped virus, releases content such as nucleic acids and potential enzymes where it can be amplified in the nucleus
38
Describe the entry of a virus of a host cell by endocytosis:
Stage 1: -Proteins in envelope trigger endoctyic uptake by acting as ligands for receptors -Receptors then assemble a Cathrin coat forming around endocytic vesicles -Clathrin coat disappeared leaving the endocytotic vesicle Stage 2: -Fusion of endosomal membrane and virus membrane release the DNA/RNA due to conformational changes by change in interior acidification
39
How do viruses get their genetic material into the nucleus?
Virus particles use the intracellular transport machinery
40
Describe the transport of virus genetic material into host nucleus:
- Motors bind to virus-containing vesicle to move closer to nucleus by travelling across microtubules - Near nucleus, DNA released - Capsids can interact with motor proteins (directly interact)
41
How do the virus particles move within infected cells?
- Motility of virus particles depends on dynein - Move along microtubules and F-actin - Bi-directional motility at 2.5 micrometers per second
42
Describe the assembly and exocytosis of enveloped viruses:
- More DNA made, gets exported more readily new virus assembled - DNA transcribe, mRNA brought brought into cytoplasm for translation - Protein are made - Self-assemble to form a capsid - Capsid packed into new virus particles - Virus particles is then "budding-off" the plasma membrane
43
Describe the order of the overview of the life cycle of an enveloped virus:
- Binding - Endocytosis - Transport - Fusion - Transcription and Replication - Translation - Assembly - Budding - Release
44
What is the tensile strength?
Force required to pull or push the capsid before it breaks

BIO1339 - Cell (9 decks)

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