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BIO1339 - Cell > Plant Cell Biology > Flashcards

Plant Cell Biology Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

What are unique features of plant cells?

A
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
  • Cell wall
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2
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Plant-specific organelles that use light and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and sugar

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3
Q

Do chloroplasts have a single or double membrane?

A

Double membrane

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4
Q

Do chloroplast have an inner membrane?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Do chloroplasts have their own genome?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

Inner membrane and the stroma of a chloroplast

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7
Q

What are structures of a chloroplast?

A
  • Thylakoid
  • Granum
  • Outer membrane
  • Inner membrane
  • Stroma
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8
Q

What is a thylakoid?

A

Membrane compartment surrounding thylakoid lumen

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9
Q

What is a granum?

A

Stack of thylakoids

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10
Q

Where are stroma found?

A

Matrix of the chloroplast

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11
Q

What does the stroma contain?

A
  • Carbon fixation enzymes
  • Chloroplast DNA
  • Ribosomes
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12
Q

What does the inner membrane contain?

A

-Chloroplast import and export machinery

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13
Q

What does the thylakoid membranes contain?

A
  • Light capturing system

- ATP synthase

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14
Q

Why are plants green?

A
  • Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light
  • Reflect green light
  • Other pigments help on photosynthesis
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15
Q

What does plants green not use efficiently?

A

Large part of visible spectrum

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16
Q

Why are plants not black?

A
  • Mostly likely evolved from green algae

- Absorbing more light creates too much heat

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17
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> Glucose + 6O2

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18
Q

How much sun light is absorbed by plants

A

1%

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19
Q

How much energy is chemical bound by plants?

A

28%

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20
Q

What are the essential steps in photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthetic electron transfer
-Red light is absorbed by chlorophyll which cleaves water thereby generating 1 oxygen, 4 protons and 1 electron at photosystem II
-Electron is transfereer across the membrane which pumps 1 proton across the membrane to Cytochrome b6-f complex
-Electron further excited in the photosystem I
-Electron is transferred onto NADP+ resulting in NADPH
-Proton gradient is utilised to generate ATP
Carbon-fixation
-CO2 binds to form sugar with the use of electrons provided by NADPH + ATP
-Export into cytosol where either glycolysis syntheses glucose into sucrose or pryuvic acid
OR
-Maintained in stroma in the form of starch

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21
Q

How much CO2 is fixed in plant matter each year?

A

100,000 million tons

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22
Q

What are various forms of plant plastids?

A
  • Chloroplasts
  • Amyloplasts
  • Chromplast
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23
Q

What are various tasks of plant plastids?

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Starch storage
  • Colouring
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24
Q

Can plant plastids switch between different types?

A

Yes

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25
What is the red in plants caused by?
Anthocynanines
26
Where is anthocynanines located?
Vacuole
27
How is change in leave colour accompanied by?
Degradation of chloroplasts
28
How does a leave change colour from green to red?
- Induced of senescence by reduced photosynthesis controlled by phytohormones - Photosynthesis gets reduced and degradation and recycling of cellular components is induced - Chloroplasts turn into gerontoplasts - Breakdown products get stored in the plant vacuole - Formation of anthocyanin that protect against too much light and oxidative stress - Cells killed and recycled cellular components released from vacuole and delivered to plant - Leave turns red
29
Are chloroplasts considered motile organelles?
Yes
30
Why do chloroplasts moves?
Avoid photo-damage
31
How does chloroplast photo relocation movement occur?
- Photo-perception: plant blue-light photoreceptors perceive the light - Signal transduction: calcium signalling - Chloroplast movements: Motor dependent movement of chloroplasts
32
What can viewed in plant cytoplasm?
Streaming
33
What is cytoplasmic streaming?
- Independent movement of chloroplasts - Depends on energy and requires F-actin - Distributes nutrients and organelles
34
What does cytoplasmic streaming support?
Tip growth of pollen tubes
35
What are cytoplasmic streaming mediated by?
Plant-specific mysosins
36
What myosin is plant specific?
XI, XII and VII myosins
37
What are nonmoving cytoplasm called?
Exoplasm
38
What are streaming cytoplasm called?
Endoplasm
39
What is the sliding theory of cytoplasmic streaming?
- Mobile endoplasm moves against a stationary ectoplasm | - Force is generated by myosin motors that move along actin cables
40
What are the fastest directed transport in cytoplasmic streaming?
50-100 micrometer per second
41
What are the best studies for cytoplasmic streaming?
Nitella flexiis | Chara corallina
42
What is apoplast?
Cell wall (dead part)
43
What is symplast?
Communicating cytoplasm (living part)
44
Is the cell wall flexible?
Yes
45
What is the secondary cells all of plants formed of?
Fully developed cells
46
What are structures in a plant cell?
- Plasmodesmatum - Secondary cell wall - Primary cell wall - Middle lamella - Air space - Vacuole - Tonoplast - Cytoplasm
47
What is the structure of cellulose microfibrils in the plant cell wall?
- Cellulose consists of a-glucose and b-glucose | - Hydrogen bonds between the glucose polymers hold the fibres
48
Is the primary cell wall rigid or flexible?
Flexible
49
Is the primary cell wall organised or unorganised?
Unorganised
50
Describe the primary wall:
Cellulose (unorganised) Hemicellulose Pectin
51
Does the primary cell get deformed by turgor pressure?
Yes
52
What does plant vacuole control?
Expansion of the cell
53
How does the plant vacuole control expansion of the cell?
- Vacuole generates outwards pressure (counter balanced by cell wall) - Variation in primary cell wall rigidity (due to orientation of cellulose fibrils) direct cell expansion
54
Describe the secondary cell wall:
Rigid and cellulose fibrils | High degree of order
55
What does secondary wall consist of?
Cellulose Xylan Lignin
56
How are microtubules aligned in secondary cell wall?
Same direction | Forms layers
57
What does organised microtubules of the secondary wall provide?
Strength and makes it rigid
58
What does cellulose synthase enzyme complex form in plant plasma membrane?
Rosette
59
What does cellulose synthase complex contain?
Isoforms of the CesA protein
60
What does CesA form?
Pore in plasma membrane allowing nascent glucan chain to extruded into the wall
61
How many chains emerge from the rosette?
36
62
What do the 36 chains of the rosette form?
Elementary cellulose microfibril
63
Where does cellulose synthesis occur?
Plasma membrane
64
What shows direct movement in plant plasma membrane?
Cellulose synthase complex
65
What causes direct movement of cellulose synthase complex in plasma membrane?
Polymerisation and crystallisation of cellulose chains
66
What structures co-localise in plants?
Microtubules and cellulose synthase
67
How are microtubules and cellulose synthase complex linked?
Microtubules reorganise the distribution of cellulose synthase complex
68
What keeps a plant upright?
Balance of turgor pressure and opposing cell wall
69
How much for the plant is water?
95%
70
What does watering increase?
Turgor pressure
71
Is plasmolysis reversible or irreversible?
Reversible
72
What is plasmolysis?
Reversible shrinkage of the plant cell due to reduced turgor pressure in vacuole
73
What does increasing external salt drive out of the cell?
Water
74
What are plant cells connected by?
Cytoplasmic bridges
75
How many plasmodesmata connect adjacent plant cells?
1000-10,000
76
What does cytoplasmic bridges allow?
Free passage of small molecules but can sometimes allow larger proteins
77
What are considered small molecules?
Ion Water Sugar Amino acid
78
Is plasmodesmata opening regulated?
Yes
79
How can plasmodesmata opening to be regulated?
Can plugged by local formation of callose
80
What does closing of plasmodesmata prevent?
Damaged cells infecting or damaging other cells
81
What does plasmodesmata allow diffusion of?
Nutrients, amino acids, nucleic acids
82
What do microtubules form during cytokinesis in plants?
Plant-specific array
83
How does microtubules form a plant-specific array?
- Phargmoplast - Microtubules surrounding nucleus - Micronuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes condense and spindle formed, get segregated to poles of spindle - 2 nuclei are formed, between nuclei microtubules are arranged to form phargmoplast - Phargmoplast move outwards - In between palisades of microtubules a new cell wall is formed
84
How do cell plate form?
By fusion of vesicles delivered by microtubules
85
Where does the start of cell plate form?
Middle of cell
86
Describe the process of mitosis in plant cells:
- Cortical interphase microtubule array concentrates in middle of cell - Nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle is formed - Cytokinesis is accompanied by de novo synthesis of plasma membrane and cell wall - Phragmoplast guides and support the formation of cell plate - Microtubules guide secretory vesicles to forming cell plate - Vesicles of cell plate form cell wall and fuse with primary cell wall - Plasmodesmata are spared in nearly forming wall - Cell plate initiates in cell centre and expands outward until fused with existing plasma membrane at the cortical division zone
87
What is phragmoplast?
Array of microtubules

BIO1339 - Cell (9 decks)

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