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BIO1339 - Cell > Plant Cell Biology > Flashcards

Plant Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are unique features of plant cells?

A
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
  • Cell wall
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2
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Plant-specific organelles that use light and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and sugar

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3
Q

Do chloroplasts have a single or double membrane?

A

Double membrane

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4
Q

Do chloroplast have an inner membrane?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Do chloroplasts have their own genome?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

Inner membrane and the stroma of a chloroplast

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7
Q

What are structures of a chloroplast?

A
  • Thylakoid
  • Granum
  • Outer membrane
  • Inner membrane
  • Stroma
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8
Q

What is a thylakoid?

A

Membrane compartment surrounding thylakoid lumen

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9
Q

What is a granum?

A

Stack of thylakoids

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10
Q

Where are stroma found?

A

Matrix of the chloroplast

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11
Q

What does the stroma contain?

A
  • Carbon fixation enzymes
  • Chloroplast DNA
  • Ribosomes
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12
Q

What does the inner membrane contain?

A

-Chloroplast import and export machinery

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13
Q

What does the thylakoid membranes contain?

A
  • Light capturing system

- ATP synthase

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14
Q

Why are plants green?

A
  • Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light
  • Reflect green light
  • Other pigments help on photosynthesis
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15
Q

What does plants green not use efficiently?

A

Large part of visible spectrum

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16
Q

Why are plants not black?

A
  • Mostly likely evolved from green algae

- Absorbing more light creates too much heat

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17
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> Glucose + 6O2

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18
Q

How much sun light is absorbed by plants

A

1%

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19
Q

How much energy is chemical bound by plants?

A

28%

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20
Q

What are the essential steps in photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthetic electron transfer
-Red light is absorbed by chlorophyll which cleaves water thereby generating 1 oxygen, 4 protons and 1 electron at photosystem II
-Electron is transfereer across the membrane which pumps 1 proton across the membrane to Cytochrome b6-f complex
-Electron further excited in the photosystem I
-Electron is transferred onto NADP+ resulting in NADPH
-Proton gradient is utilised to generate ATP
Carbon-fixation
-CO2 binds to form sugar with the use of electrons provided by NADPH + ATP
-Export into cytosol where either glycolysis syntheses glucose into sucrose or pryuvic acid
OR
-Maintained in stroma in the form of starch

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21
Q

How much CO2 is fixed in plant matter each year?

A

100,000 million tons

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22
Q

What are various forms of plant plastids?

A
  • Chloroplasts
  • Amyloplasts
  • Chromplast
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23
Q

What are various tasks of plant plastids?

A
  • Photosynthesis
  • Starch storage
  • Colouring
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24
Q

Can plant plastids switch between different types?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What is the red in plants caused by?

A

Anthocynanines

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26
Q

Where is anthocynanines located?

A

Vacuole

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27
Q

How is change in leave colour accompanied by?

A

Degradation of chloroplasts

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28
Q

How does a leave change colour from green to red?

A
  • Induced of senescence by reduced photosynthesis controlled by phytohormones
  • Photosynthesis gets reduced and degradation and recycling of cellular components is induced
  • Chloroplasts turn into gerontoplasts
  • Breakdown products get stored in the plant vacuole
  • Formation of anthocyanin that protect against too much light and oxidative stress
  • Cells killed and recycled cellular components released from vacuole and delivered to plant
  • Leave turns red
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29
Q

Are chloroplasts considered motile organelles?

A

Yes

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30
Q

Why do chloroplasts moves?

A

Avoid photo-damage

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31
Q

How does chloroplast photo relocation movement occur?

A
  • Photo-perception: plant blue-light photoreceptors perceive the light
  • Signal transduction: calcium signalling
  • Chloroplast movements: Motor dependent movement of chloroplasts
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32
Q

What can viewed in plant cytoplasm?

A

Streaming

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33
Q

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

A
  • Independent movement of chloroplasts
  • Depends on energy and requires F-actin
  • Distributes nutrients and organelles
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34
Q

What does cytoplasmic streaming support?

A

Tip growth of pollen tubes

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35
Q

What are cytoplasmic streaming mediated by?

A

Plant-specific mysosins

36
Q

What myosin is plant specific?

A

XI, XII and VII myosins

37
Q

What are nonmoving cytoplasm called?

A

Exoplasm

38
Q

What are streaming cytoplasm called?

A

Endoplasm

39
Q

What is the sliding theory of cytoplasmic streaming?

A
  • Mobile endoplasm moves against a stationary ectoplasm

- Force is generated by myosin motors that move along actin cables

40
Q

What are the fastest directed transport in cytoplasmic streaming?

A

50-100 micrometer per second

41
Q

What are the best studies for cytoplasmic streaming?

A

Nitella flexiis

Chara corallina

42
Q

What is apoplast?

A

Cell wall (dead part)

43
Q

What is symplast?

A

Communicating cytoplasm (living part)

44
Q

Is the cell wall flexible?

A

Yes

45
Q

What is the secondary cells all of plants formed of?

A

Fully developed cells

46
Q

What are structures in a plant cell?

A
  • Plasmodesmatum
  • Secondary cell wall
  • Primary cell wall
  • Middle lamella
  • Air space
  • Vacuole
  • Tonoplast
  • Cytoplasm
47
Q

What is the structure of cellulose microfibrils in the plant cell wall?

A
  • Cellulose consists of a-glucose and b-glucose

- Hydrogen bonds between the glucose polymers hold the fibres

48
Q

Is the primary cell wall rigid or flexible?

A

Flexible

49
Q

Is the primary cell wall organised or unorganised?

A

Unorganised

50
Q

Describe the primary wall:

A

Cellulose (unorganised)
Hemicellulose
Pectin

51
Q

Does the primary cell get deformed by turgor pressure?

A

Yes

52
Q

What does plant vacuole control?

A

Expansion of the cell

53
Q

How does the plant vacuole control expansion of the cell?

A
  • Vacuole generates outwards pressure (counter balanced by cell wall)
  • Variation in primary cell wall rigidity (due to orientation of cellulose fibrils) direct cell expansion
54
Q

Describe the secondary cell wall:

A

Rigid and cellulose fibrils

High degree of order

55
Q

What does secondary wall consist of?

A

Cellulose
Xylan
Lignin

56
Q

How are microtubules aligned in secondary cell wall?

A

Same direction

Forms layers

57
Q

What does organised microtubules of the secondary wall provide?

A

Strength and makes it rigid

58
Q

What does cellulose synthase enzyme complex form in plant plasma membrane?

A

Rosette

59
Q

What does cellulose synthase complex contain?

A

Isoforms of the CesA protein

60
Q

What does CesA form?

A

Pore in plasma membrane allowing nascent glucan chain to extruded into the wall

61
Q

How many chains emerge from the rosette?

A

36

62
Q

What do the 36 chains of the rosette form?

A

Elementary cellulose microfibril

63
Q

Where does cellulose synthesis occur?

A

Plasma membrane

64
Q

What shows direct movement in plant plasma membrane?

A

Cellulose synthase complex

65
Q

What causes direct movement of cellulose synthase complex in plasma membrane?

A

Polymerisation and crystallisation of cellulose chains

66
Q

What structures co-localise in plants?

A

Microtubules and cellulose synthase

67
Q

How are microtubules and cellulose synthase complex linked?

A

Microtubules reorganise the distribution of cellulose synthase complex

68
Q

What keeps a plant upright?

A

Balance of turgor pressure and opposing cell wall

69
Q

How much for the plant is water?

A

95%

70
Q

What does watering increase?

A

Turgor pressure

71
Q

Is plasmolysis reversible or irreversible?

A

Reversible

72
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

Reversible shrinkage of the plant cell due to reduced turgor pressure in vacuole

73
Q

What does increasing external salt drive out of the cell?

A

Water

74
Q

What are plant cells connected by?

A

Cytoplasmic bridges

75
Q

How many plasmodesmata connect adjacent plant cells?

A

1000-10,000

76
Q

What does cytoplasmic bridges allow?

A

Free passage of small molecules but can sometimes allow larger proteins

77
Q

What are considered small molecules?

A

Ion
Water
Sugar
Amino acid

78
Q

Is plasmodesmata opening regulated?

A

Yes

79
Q

How can plasmodesmata opening to be regulated?

A

Can plugged by local formation of callose

80
Q

What does closing of plasmodesmata prevent?

A

Damaged cells infecting or damaging other cells

81
Q

What does plasmodesmata allow diffusion of?

A

Nutrients, amino acids, nucleic acids

82
Q

What do microtubules form during cytokinesis in plants?

A

Plant-specific array

83
Q

How does microtubules form a plant-specific array?

A
  • Phargmoplast
  • Microtubules surrounding nucleus
  • Micronuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes condense and spindle formed, get segregated to poles of spindle
  • 2 nuclei are formed, between nuclei microtubules are arranged to form phargmoplast
  • Phargmoplast move outwards
  • In between palisades of microtubules a new cell wall is formed
84
Q

How do cell plate form?

A

By fusion of vesicles delivered by microtubules

85
Q

Where does the start of cell plate form?

A

Middle of cell

86
Q

Describe the process of mitosis in plant cells:

A
  • Cortical interphase microtubule array concentrates in middle of cell
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle is formed
  • Cytokinesis is accompanied by de novo synthesis of plasma membrane and cell wall
  • Phragmoplast guides and support the formation of cell plate
  • Microtubules guide secretory vesicles to forming cell plate
  • Vesicles of cell plate form cell wall and fuse with primary cell wall
  • Plasmodesmata are spared in nearly forming wall
  • Cell plate initiates in cell centre and expands outward until fused with existing plasma membrane at the cortical division zone
87
Q

What is phragmoplast?

A

Array of microtubules

BIO1339 - Cell (9 decks)

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